In Taiwan, secondary copper smelters and zinc recovery plants primarily utilize recovering metal from scrap and dross, and handles mostly fly ash and slag with high temperature to produce ZnO from the iron and steel industry. The materials may contain organic impurities, such as plastic and organic chloride chemicals, and amounts of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzof...

Steel has remained the most crucial of all structural materials. However, the steel production processes have changed over the years. Currently, due to the tendency of eliminating high energy consuming technologies, in both the international and domestic steel industry, liquid steel is manufactured in two basic aggregates: oxygen-blown converters and electric arc furnaces 1 . The development of...

Optimizing the charge in secondary steel production is challenging because the chemical composition of the scrap is highly uncertain. The uncertainty can cause a considerable risk of the scrap mix failing to satisfy the composition requirements for the final product. In this paper, we represent the uncertainty based on fuzzy set theory and constrain the failure risk based on a possibility measu...

Anaerobic digestion has been widely applied for waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment. However, methane production from anaerobic digestion of WAS is usually limited by the slow hydrolysis rate and/or poor biochemical methane potential of WAS. This work systematically studied the effects of three different types of zero valent iron (i.e., iron powder, clean scrap and rusty scrap) on methane pr...

Abstract It is important to clarify the behavior of elements in reaction between molten CaO–SiO 2 –Fe t O–Al O 3 slag and liquid metal during remelting Cu scrap. To estimate desirable composition for retaining Sn metal, effects basicity concentrations Fe Al on SnO activity coefficient were investigated. Molten (with optional addition) was reacted with Pb–Sn alloy a pure crucible at 1573 K 5 h w...

System F is ubiquitous in logic, theorem proving, language meta-theory, compiler intermediate languages, and elsewhere. Along with its type abstractions come type applications, but these often appear redundant. This redundancy is both distracting and costly for typedirected compilers. We introduce System IF, for implicit System F, in which many type applications can be made implicit. It support...

Recent research has shown how boilerplate code, or repetitive code for traversing datatypes, can be eliminated using generic programming techniques already available within some implementations of Haskell. One particularly intractable kind of boilerplate is nameplate, or code having to do with names, name-binding, and fresh name generation. One reason for the difficulty is that operations on da...