“euclid’s elements” begins by an introduction into definitions, postulates and common notions; the postulates are presented in the science of geometry by euclid without any or explanations. however, regarding the significance of postulates which is the fundamental to geometrical proving and solving geometrical theorems, some translators and interpreters of euclid’s elements provide explanation ...

Este cunoscut că metoda sol gel este una din metodele neconvenţionale de obţinere a pulberilor ceramice. În studiul realizat s-a avut în vedere obţinerea şi caracterizarea de nanopulberi de Al2O3 prin metoda sol-gel, aceasta putand fi un potential material utilizat la realizarea de implanturi biocompatibile.[1,2,3,4] In vederea sintezei s-a pornit de la precursori de natură chimică diferită – a...

aristotle took per impossibile as a form of hypothetical syllogism which was composed of a syllogistic and a non-syllogistic part. but he didn’t express the relation between these two parts clearly. alexander of aphrodisias and philoponus didn’t add any specific comments to aristotle’s view. al-farabi believed that per impossible includes three deductions: two categorical syllogisms and one exc...

naqib al-mamalek shirazi, the court storyteller of naser al-din shah, has composed two tales: amir arsalan and malek jamshid. naqib created amir arsalan for naser al-din shah and retold it to him frequently, but he composed malek jamshid in a different condition. this essay attempts to study stylistic differences between the two texts. the goal is to show the role of textural factors and the ci...

meaning of islamic unity in two internal & external levels of diplomatic idea of islam has superior place. present situation of world of islam and various devilish plots for provoking disputes and enmity among the muslims shows well the necessity of this issue. undoubtedly, the survey of valuable experience of leaders of islamic world unity at present age, especially survey of seyed jamal al-di...

according to halabi, a theologian and jurist in fifth century (ah), a human being is a responsible creature who needs a guide to carry out his responsibilities. while imam mahdi was present, one had to refer to him for guidence, but in his absence one has to refer to a just faqih. thus, there is no other choice; all other ruling systems lacking legitimacy.