The unilateral or bilateral lesion of the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) by chemical neurotoxins such as 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA) or 1- Methyl-4- phenyl -1,2,3,6 – tetirahydro pyridine (MPTP) are the most commonly and the main used methods for generating the animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). But these agents are expensive, dangerous, difficult to use and inacce...

This report is a brief presentation of one case of Oilier's disease. Ollier's disease (multiple enchondromata) patients have widespread involvement of the skeleton, especially the hands the lesions are detected because of bone pain or deformity. Virtually all cases have been sporadic. Roentgenographically, the lesions may be detectable in early infancy as clear, homogeneous, oval lesions w...

The authors explored the effect of Parkinson's disease (PD) on the generation and maintenance of response readiness in a simple reaction time task. They compared performance of idiopathic PD patients without dementia, age-matched controls, and younger controls over short (1-, 3-, and 6-s) and long (12- and 18-s) foreperiod intervals. After each trial, the authors probed memory for visual inform...

Background and objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neuropathologic disorder that is caused by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of dense part of nigra. Oxidative stress has been found in the pathophysiology of PD. Since α-pinene has strong anti-oxidant effects, the purpose of this research was to study its effects on movement disorders and memory and lipid perox...

The major pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), resulting in a reduction of dopamine (DA) content in the target field of these neurons, the striatum (STR). The present evidences suggest that female sex hormones may influence the onset and severity of PD symptoms. PD is more prevalent in m...

As our society ages, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson`s disease (PD) are increasing in pandemic proportions. While mechanistic understanding of PD is advancing, a treatment with well tolerable drugs is still elusive. Here, we show that administration of the naturally occurring polyamine spermidine, which declines continuously during aging in various species, alleviates a series of PD-...

parkinson's disease (pd) is a very common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly population. current treatments for parkinson’s disease are based on symptom therapy but not the underlying cause of the disease. this disorder is caused neuronal death which triggers the activation of resident glial cells. this situation leads to neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. activated ...

The reactions of an S-bridged trinuclear palladium(II) complex, [Pd(3)(D-pen-N,O,S)(3)] (D-H(2)pen = D-penicillamine), with ethylenediamine (en) and racemic (R,R/S,S) 1,2-cyclohexanediamine (chxn) in water gave mononuclear palladium(II) complexes, [Pd(D-pen-N,S)(en)] (1) and [Pd(D-pen-N,S)(chxn)] (2), respectively. Of two diastereomers, [Pd(D-pen-N,S)(R,R-chxn)] (2(R)) and [Pd(D-pen-N,S)(S,S-ch...

Genetic and environmental factors affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Genetic variants of the enzyme glutathione S-transferases (GST) may be related to the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic variants of GST (GSTT1/GSTM1) and their association with the exposure to environmental toxins in PD patients. We studied 254 patients with PD and 169 controls. T...

Background. Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson's disease (PD) may be more debilitating than motor symptoms. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and corecognition of NMS among our advanced PD cohort (patients considered for deep brain stimulation (DBS)) and caregivers. Methods. NMS-Questionnaire (NMS-Q), a self-administered screening questionnaire, and NMS Assessment-Scale...