Retrieval is the key process for understanding learning and for promoting learning, yet retrieval is not often granted the central role it deserves. Learning is typically identified with the encoding or construction of knowledge, and retrieval is considered merely the assessment of learning that occurred in a prior experience. The retrieval-based learning perspective outlined here is grounded i...

This is a longitudinal case study of two Farsi-speaking children learning English: ‘Bernard’ and ‘Melissa’, who were 7;4 and 8;4 at the start of data collection. The research deals with the initial state and further development in the child second language (L2) acquisition of syntax regarding the presence or absence of copula as a functional category, as well as the role and degree of L1 influe...

this study investigated the amount of incidental vocabulary learning through comprehension-focused reading of short stories and explicit instruction to this goal.  forty male high school students were selected randomly, and divided into two groups of twenty.  one group of these students was given five 400-word-level short stories to read with the purpose of comprehension, and the students in th...

This paper aims at discovering and investigating the effect of l1 translation, l1 gloss andcontext on vocabulary learning on EFL Iranian learners. A total number of 120 EFL students inprivate English institutes in Sari participated in the present study. They were divided into twoproficiency groups and three learning conditions. In order to make a list of words unknown to thelearners the partici...

People sometimes require very strong passwords for high-value accounts (e.g., master passwords for password managers and encryption keys), but often cannot create these strong passwords. Assigning them provably strong secrets is one solution, and prior work has shown that people can learn these assigned secrets through rote learning, though learning the secrets takes some time and they are quic...

Very few learning systems applied to problem solving have focused on learning operator definitions from the interaction with a completely unknown environment. In order to achieve better learning convergence, several agents that learn separately are allowed to interchange each learned set of planning operators. Learning is achieved by establishing plans, executing those plans in the environment,...