It is often claimed that Kripke (1980) and Putnam (1975) established that many predicates, most importantly natural kind predicates, are like proper names in being rigid designators. This insight is generally regarded as having important consequences in the theory of necessary truths: the rigidity of terms such as 'Hesperus', 'Phosphorus', 'water' and 'H 2 O' is used in explaining why identity ...

This paper describes QLB, a quantified logic of belief that is a possible extension of the modal system KD45n to predicate level. The main features of QLB are that: (i) it is allowed to quantify over the agents of belief; (ii) the belief operator can be indexed by any term of the formal language; (iii) terms are not rigid designators, but are interpreted contextually; (iv) automatic theorem pro...

Thin-walled structures like crash boxes may be used as energy absorption members in automotive chassis. There have been many studies addressing the behaviors of energy absorption members on frontal crash. These researches have attempted to predict the energy absorption and maximum impact load in shell structures. The energy absorption and maximum impact load depend on many parameters including ...

In this paper, a new formulation along with numerical solution for the problem of finding a point-to-point trajectory with maximum load carrying capacities for flexible manipulators is proposed. For rigid manipulators, the major limiting factor in determining the Dynamic Load Carrying Capacity (DLCC) is the joint actuator capacity. The flexibility exhibited by light weight robots or by robots o...

reaction to fire of fire-retarded rigid pur foams and two types of metal faced rigid polyurethane foam core sandwich panel was evaluated by using cone calorimeter test method. the tests were carried out in various radiative heat fluxes from 15 to 75 kw/m2. the radiation rate effect on reaction to fire parameters, including time to ignition (tti), peak of heat release rate (prhr), total heat rel...

We demonstrate that the dynamics of a rigid body falling in an infinite viscous fluid can, in the Stokes limit, be reduced to the study of a three-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations η̇= η × M2η where M2 ∈ 3×3 is a generally nonsymmetric matrix containing certain hydrodynamic mobility coefficients. We further show that all steady states and their stability properties can be cla...

Exact solutions are derived for sound radiation from four kinds of infinitely-long strips: namely a rigid strip in a baffle of finite width, a resilient strip in free space, and a resilient or rigid strip in an infinite baffle. In one limit, the strip in a finite baffle becomes a rigid strip in free space and in the other, a line source in a finite baffle. Here "rigid" means that the surface ve...

In this paper, we compare the behavior of liquid methanol confined by an open-ended single-walled nanotube (SWCNT) under four different simulation conditions by using the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations technique. The first model is a rigid and fixed SWCNT with all its carbon atoms fixed at their initial positions; the second is a flexible and fixed SWCNT with its centre-of-mass fixed at th...