Proteins as molecular phenotypes need to maintain their stability, fold, and the functionality throughout their individual and collective evolution. Such important properties are maintained by a selective pressure that reveals itself in sequence data sets. Small adaptive changes are usually possible, but in general the conservation of structure and function implies the co-evolution of amino aci...

background:in the recent decade, the reverse genetics method has been broadly used for rescue of negative-stranded rna viruses from cdna or viral minigenomes. this technique has been applied to study different steps in virus replication and virus-host interactions. reverse genetics could also be implemented for design of new vaccines. the t7 rna polymerase activity as well as virus (nucleocapsi...

synovial chondromatosis affecting the glenohumeral joint is rare. treatment primarily consists of arthroscopic loose body removal and synovectomy. shoulder arthroplasty has been mentioned in the literature as a treatment option for patients with coexisting arthritis, although the results have been underreported. the case of an 84-year-old man with long standing synovial chondromatosis of the sh...

Reverse engineering a program constructs a high-level representation suitable for various software development purposes such as documentation or reengineering. Unfortunately however, there are no established guidelines to assess the adequacy of such a representation. We propose two such criteria, completeness and accuracy, and show how they can be determined during the course of reversing the r...