Purpose When a product fails out of negligence on the seller’s part, consumers can either retaliate against seller, more so if third party encourages them to do so, or forgive seller should express remorse. This paper aims examine how fit between consumer’s promotion/prevention regulatory orientation and frame message contrition (retaliation), such as an apology from chief executive officer (CE...

How robust is public support for extended nuclear deterrence in patron and client states? Recent studies have improved scholarly understanding of US opinion about weapon use against non-nuclear adversaries. Yet, there limited knowledge attitudes regarding retaliation strikes allies. We develop a theoretical typology crises investigate this phenomenon with novel survey experiment ( n = 6,623). A...

Brood parasites exploit their host in order to increase their own fitness. Typically, this results in an arms race between parasite trickery and host defence. Thus, it is puzzling to observe hosts that accept parasitism without any resistance. The 'mafia' hypothesis suggests that these hosts accept parasitism to avoid retaliation. Retaliation has been shown to evolve when the hosts condition th...

In two experiments (n = 35, n = 34), we used a modified fear-conditioning paradigm to investigate the role of aversive learning in retaliatory behavior in social context. Participants first completed an initial aversive learning phase in which the pairing of a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; i.e., neutral face) with a naturally aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; electric shock) was learned....

Despite the public’s growing dissatisfaction with unethical behavior in modern organizations, research suggests that individuals who blow the whistle in an attempt to stop illicit activity often suffer retaliation at the hands of those who stand to benefit from the wrongdoing. To date, relatively little work has been undertaken exploring the boundary conditions and mechanisms for when and why r...