Two experiments investigated the roles of contingency and temporal contiguity in causal reasoning, and the trade-off between them. Participants observed an ongoing, continuous stream of events, which was not segmented into discrete learning trials. Four potential candidate causes competed for explanatory strength with respect to a single dichotomous effect. The effect was contingent on two of t...

Spatial lag dependence in a regression model is similar to the inclusion of a serially autoregressive term for the dependent variable in time-series context. However, unlike in the time series model, the implied covariance structure matrix from the spatial autoregressive model can have a very counterintuitive and improbable structure. A single value of spatial auto correlation parameter can imp...

We address a global constraint for enforcing contiguity. Contiguity is the property that all of one kind of object in an array or list are grouped together; it is a one-dimensional discrete form of convexity. We present an implementation of this property in a concurrent constraint programming language. We adapt and apply the constraint propagation framework of [19] to analyse the contiguity pro...

Markov Processes Pankaj Kumar and ¤Kuntal Sengupta Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260 e-mail: [email protected] EDICS: 2-SEGM, 2-SEQP November 6, 2000 Abstract In this paper, we present a novel approach in extracting interesting foreground regions from a complex and largely stationary background scene. The ...

In recalling a set of previously experienced events, people exhibit striking effects of recency, contiguity, and similarity: Recent items tend to be recalled best and first, and items that were studied in neighboring positions or that are similar to one another in some other way tend to evoke one another during recall. Effects of recency and contiguity have most often been investigated in tasks...

almost all countries have faced the urbanization. in the long run, changes in the production technology have caused migration from rural to urban areas. existing cities have grown and new ones have been created. this is named as “urban development” in the urban literature. cites are created because of economies of scale in production and consumption. there are different cities with different si...

BACKGROUND When modelling infectious diseases, accurately capturing the pattern of dissemination through space is key to providing optimal recommendations for control. Mathematical models of disease spread in livestock, such as for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), have done this by incorporating a transmission kernel which describes the decay in transmission rate with increasing Euclidean distance...