At first glance, the highly technical procedures and specialization that characterize 21stcentury surgery bear little resemblance to the craft as practiced in Renaissance France and Italy or in the 19th-century operating theaters of Paris, London, or Philadelphia. Yet continuities in Western medical traditions link contemporary surgery to its professional predecessors. To understand the way sur...

Numbers of Information System development methods or agile software development methodologies are in practice. When any organization is going for IS development they will be looking for the IS development methods that are most complete and/or significant and also to fulfill their requirements and give them a complete solution. Agile software development methods have made their way into the soft...

the subject of conflict between shia and sunni is one of the most pivotal subjects in islamic history and islamic thought. this subject includes various aspects of religious, social and political and thereby many researchers using different tools and methods have addressed them based on their perspectives. one of these researchers is dr. ali alwardi (1913-1995) , an iraqi sociologist and histor...

PURPOSE To more fully understand current trends in preliteracy research, as well as controversies that continue to surround best teaching practices, it is essential to have an understanding of the historical evolution of ideas and practices relevant to preparing young children for learning to read. METHOD Several interrelated historical movements relevant to placing current research and pract...

counterfactual analysis is concerned with explaining events that have not happened. counterfactuals are mental experiments through which one can reconstruct hypothetical versions of the history in one’s mind; these versions are relatively different from the real history, but provide one with the opportunity to test historical hypotheses against the available evidence. historicist researchers in...