recently, a significant change has occurred in the lifting aspect of the security council sanctions, namely, the inclusion of a fixed term in sanctions regimes. we first examine the emergence of the idea of a fixed term for sanctions regimes. with the disappearance of the situation justifying the imposition of sanctions, there is no reason to maintain them. yet, each permanent member may oppose...

iran is mainly situated in a dry climate part of the world. due to the limiting and scarce water resources, crop production in the country is increasingly facing water shortages. a field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of irrigation regimes on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and grain yield of maize in 2006 at the research farm, college of agriculture, isfahan university of ...

This paper finds strong evidence of time-variations in the joint distribution of returns on a stock market portfolio and portfolios tracking sizeand value effects. Mean returns, volatilities and correlations between these equity portfolios are found to be driven by underlying regimes that introduce short-run market timing opportunities for investors. The magnitude of the premia on the size and ...

Based on the potential of the weather types classification method to study synoptic features, this study proposes the application of such methodology for the identification of the main large scale patterns related with weather in Central America. Using ERA Interim low-level winds in a domain that encompasses the intra-Americas sea, the eastern tropical Pacific, southern North America, Central A...

Little is known of how gene expression and its plasticity evolves as populations adapt to different environmental regimes. Expression is expected to evolve adaptively in all populations but only those populations experiencing environmental heterogeneity are expected to show adaptive evolution of plasticity. We measured the transcriptome in a cadmium-enriched diet and a salt-enriched diet for ex...

I n short, what Elisa Chilet has found in her recent thesis dissertation entitled ‘Gender bias in clinical research, pharmaceutical marketing and the prescription of drugs’, a review of which is published in this issue of the journal (1), is a significant amount of gender bias. Elisa found the health system to be pervaded by a construct of discrimination against women in virtually all areas of ...

ON APRIL 30, 2006, the Egyptian Parliament voted by a large majority to renew the emergency law. This law grants the president extraordinary powers to detain citizens, prevent public gatherings, and issue decrees with little accountability to Parliament or the people. The vote was a famil­ iar ritual: the Egyptian Parliament has routinely approved the emergency law for most of the past forty ye...

In this paper we develop and estimate a new-Keynesian model of inflation and use it to investigate the hypothesis that prices in the UK are re-set more frequently during periods of high inflation. In the model, firms are assumed to condition their expectations on an optimally-selected but incomplete information set and we further assume that the probability that they will reset their price in a...