This paper concerns probabilistic instruction sequences. We use the term probabilistic instruction sequence for an instruction sequence that contains probabilistic instructions, i.e. instructions that are themselves probabilistic by nature, rather than an instruction sequence of which the instructions are intended to be processed in a probabilistic way. We propose several kinds of probabilistic...

Having just re-read the brochure by Dr. Forbes Winslow on "? Spiritualistic Madness," I cannot refrain from mentioning an instance where I quite believe that a distinct epidemical spiritualistic contagion was present in a room as decided as any miasma at times recognised by sensitive people as the cause of any given fever. I was calling on a friend in Paris, whom I did not know to be a spiritua...

A monospecific genus contains a single species ever since it was proposed. Though formally more than half of the known prokaryotic genera are monospecific, we pick up those which actually raise taxonomic problems by violating monophyly of the taxon within which it resides. Taking monophyly as a guiding principle, our arguments are based on simultaneous support from 16S rRNA sequence analysis an...

In 20 properly treated hypothyroid patients with normal thyrotropin (TSH) values during previous observation, TSH was incidentally mildly/moderately elevated (4.5-8.0 mIU/L; normal values 0.4-4.0) on the last follow up. However, they were continuously treated with the same levothyroxine (LT4) dose (mean: 95 μg) and six months later all TSH values normalized. The authors suggest that the physici...

Research into embryonic cell grafting in human subjects suffering from Parkinson's disease should not repeat the mistakes made by adrenal autograft investigators, who operated on far more humans than on nonhuman primates because of a single unconfirmed report of dramatic improvement in two Mexican patients. Citing extensive data from experimental transplants conducted as early as 1944, the aut...

We consider a multimarket framework where a set of firms compete on two interrelated oligopolistic markets. Prior to competing in these markets, firms can spy on others in order to increase the quality of their product. We characterize the equilibrium espionage networks and networks that maximize social welfare under the most interesting scenario of diseconomies of scope. We find that in some s...

At present, the spread of COVID-19 has caused many infections in our country, which have not yet been brought under control. The government declared a state emergency April 2020 and requested public to refrain from going out unnecessarily. impact is only threatening people’s lives health, but also economy action attitudes. Therefore, order study future town planning, this clarified changes stay...

Within Army culture there is a basic misunderstanding regarding Standards and Rules. They are not the same, despite a long-standing military belief in equivalence. Mistaking the two explains much of the gap between leaders, especially senior leaders, and lower echelons. This gap is created through a constant refrain of 'enforcing Standards,' expressed by unit-wide emails covering topics from tr...

We report a case of a 33-year-old male with a mixed germ-cell testicular tumor. Postoperative follow-up FDG-PET revealed concentration of FDG in the left inguinal area which is not tumor metastasis or local recurrence but suture reactivity granuloma. In this paper, we reviewed suture granulomas associated with false-positive findings on FDG-PET after surgery. If FDG-PET will be used more freque...

This paper examines the paperclip apocalypse concern for artificial general intelligence. This arises when a superintelligent AI with a simple goal (ie., producing paperclips) accumulates power so that all resources are devoted towards that goal and are unavailable for any other use. Conditions are provided under which a paper apocalypse can arise but the model also shows that, under certain ar...