BACKGROUND Colonial cinnabar mining and refining began in Huancavelica, Peru, in 1564. With a local source of mercury, the amalgamation process was adopted to refine silver in Potosí, Bolivia, in the early 1570s. As a result, large quantities of mercury were released into the environment. OBJECTIVES We used archival, primary, and secondary sources to develop the first estimate of mercury emis...

in this study,oil was extracted from the liver and visceral fat of patin (pangasianodon hypophthalmus) and refined. the yield of oil after refining was 49.98%. the major yield loss (34.20%) happened during the degumming procedure. fatty acids found in the crude and refined oil were c12:0, c14:0, c14:1, c16:0, c16:1, c18:0, c18:1, c18:2, c18:3, c18:4, c20:0, c20:1, c20:4, c20:5, and c22:6. the d...

in the present work, deoxidation and refining of 316lvm steel (low carbon vacuum melted) during the vacuum induction melting process was studied. this grade of stainless steel is one of the most important materials in medical applications. vacuum deoxidation by carbon is the first stage of 316lvm stainless steel production process. in this stage, aluminum must be absent to avoid killing the c-o...

in this article, the results of special effects of privatization of iranian gas refining industry with delphi-dematel integrative approach are presented. according to the results of this research in delphi technique base, all together, experts recognize 39 pivotal factors in privatization of the gas refining companies. then by the aids of dematel technique, in previous step, according to expert...

Dependently typed programming languages allow sophisticated properties of data to be expressed within the type system. Of particular use in dependently typed programming are indexed types that refine data by computationally useful information. For example, the N-indexed type of vectors refines lists by their lengths. Other data types may be refined in similar ways, but programmers must produce ...

We describe some recent refinements of the techniques of threshold resummation, with emphasis on the usefulness of dimensional regularization when applied to nonabelian exponentiation. Threshold resummation is now under theoretical control for DIS and electroweak annihilation cross sections all the way to the fourth tower of logarithms and up to corrections suppressed by powers of the threshold...

Step-wise refinement is a powerful paradigm for developing a complex program from a simple program by adding features incrementally where each feature is an increment in program functionality. Existing works focus on object-oriented representations such as Java or C++ artifacts. For this paradigm to be brought to the Web, refinement should be realised for XML representations. This paper elabora...

There is far less study of the refining effect of super gravity fields on solidification structures of metals than of the effects of electrical currents, magnetic and ultrasonic fields. Moreover, the refining mechanisms of super gravity are far from clear. This study applied a super gravity field to Al-Cu alloys to investigate its effect on refining their structures and the mechanism of interac...

Earlier studies have shown that plate gaps are sometimes unequal in two-zoned low consistency refiners and that unequal gaps render unevenly refined pulp. It is also known that optimisation of plate gap in low consistency refining leads to improved energy efficiency. In this work, trials were made in mill scale in a modern TMP line equipped with a prototype 72 inch TwinFlo low consistency refin...