Objectives During arthroscopic or open joint surgery, articular cartilage may be subjected to mechanical insults by accident or design. These may lead to chondrocyte death, cartilage breakdown and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. We have shown that increasing osmolarity of routinely used normal saline protected chondrocytes against injuries that may occur during orthopedic surgery. Often several l...

This research was conducted in 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons in the experimental field of Shahid Salemi, Ahvaz, south west of Iran. In each year, the study consisted of a split split-plot experiment, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Four irrigation levels including irrigationoff at the 8 leaf, the 12 leaf and the tasseling stages and optimum irrigation wer...

Polyacrylamide (PAM) use in irrigation for erosion control has increased water in®ltration and reduced soil erosion. This has improved runo€ water quality via lower concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, and pesticides, and decreased biological oxygen demand. Since non-toxic high molecular weight anionic PAMs removed clay size sediment particles in ̄owing water, we hypothesized that PAM would...

Tank mixes of a fungicide (metalaxyl) and a nematicide (fenamiphos) with herbicides (isopropalin or pendimethalin) and an insecticide (chlorpyrifos) were applied by soil incorporation or irrigation to control the black shank-root knot complex and weeds on four tobacco cultivars. The disease complex was more severe on cultivars McNair 944, NC-2326, and K-326 than on Speight G-70. The disease com...

Percutaneous curettage and continuous irrigation were performed for definitive diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous (TB) lumbar spondylitis. Under local anaesthesia, affected lumbar discs were curetted using a procedure of percutaneous nucleotomy, and in-tube and the out-tube were placed for continuous irrigation. The period of continuous irrigation was 12-16 days. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ...

The advantages and disadvantages of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) as compared to alternative irrigation systems are conceptually discussed. Each category (advantages and disadvantages) is subdivided into three groups: 1) Water and soil issues; 2) Cropping and cultural practices, and 3) System infrastructure issues. The adaptation and adoption of SDI systems into diverse cropping systems, geo...

AIM To investigate the impact of sequential irrigation procedures on accumulated hard tissue debris (AHTD) levels in canal systems in mesial roots of human mandibular molars after instrumentation. METHODOLOGY Based on pre-scans in a micro-computed tomography (μCT) system, 20 extracted human mandibular molars with joining mesial root canals and an isthmus between these were selected. Canals we...

Current climate change is projected to have significant effects on temperature and precipitation profiles, increasing the incidence and severity of drought. Drought is the single largest abiotic stress factor leading to reduced crop yields. Given the large share of water use in the agriculture sector and very low efficiency in this sector, selection and development of the new strategies to impr...