If there are multiple images corresponding to one set of line sums, it is interesting to reconstruct an image with a special property. In order to find reconstructions that look rather like a real object, two special properties in particular are often imposed on the reconstructions. The first is connectivity of the points with value one in the picture [6, 8, 28]. The second is hv-convexity : if...

We examine the climate response to solar irradiance changes between the late 17th-century Maunder Minimum and the late 18th century. Global average temperature changes are small (about 0.3 degrees to 0.4 degrees C) in both a climate model and empirical reconstructions. However, regional temperature changes are quite large. In the model, these occur primarily through a forced shift toward the lo...

High resolution micro-CT images are often corrupted by ring artefacts, prohibiting quantitative analysis and hampering post processing. Removing or at least significantly reducing such artefacts is indispensable. However, since micro-CT systems are pushed to the extremes in the quest for the ultimate spatial resolution, ring artefacts can hardly be avoided. Moreover, as opposed to clinical CT s...

The Andean uplift played important roles in the historical diversification of Neotropical organisms, both by producing new high-elevation habitats that could be colonized and by isolating organisms on either side of the mountains. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of Thamnophlius antshrikes, a clade of 30 species whose collective distribution spans nearly the entirety of lowland habitats i...

BACKGROUND In the international scientific literature, there are few studies that emphasize the presence or absence of hair in forensic facial reconstructions. There are neither Brazilian studies concerning digital facial reconstructions without hair, nor research comparing recognition tests between digital facial reconstructions with hair and without hair. The miscegenation of Brazilian people...

Ostensibly theoretical disputes in political science often involve competing approaches to explanation. Competing positions include skepticism, covering law arguments, reconstructions of propensities, system models, and explanations featuring causal mechanisms. Mechanismand process-based accounts including cognitive, environmental, and relational effects deserve more attention than they have re...

A new method called gradual and random binarization to binarize gray-scale holograms, based on an iterative algorithm, is proposed. The binarization process is performed gradually, and the pixels to be binarized are chosen randomly. Errors caused by this operation are spatially diffused. A comparison with other established methods based on error diffusion, direct binary search, and iterative st...

We demonstrate a simple angle-multiplexing holographic storage system, using a single acousto-optic deflector to achieve fast random access to the stored holograms. We used this system to store as many as 300 holograms in a 90 degrees -geometry Fe:LiNbO(3) crystal. To characterize the system performance, we analyzed the reconstructions in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio.

Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- and early 21st-century European climate is very likely (>95% confidence level) warmer than that of any time during the past 500 years. This agrees with findings for the entire Northern Hemisphere. European winter average temperatures during the period 1500 to 1900 were ...