this paper investigates the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the iran’s import trade. the exchange rate ‎uncertainty series were generated utilizing the tarch model. this model analyzes the asymmetric effects. the analysis of uncertainty and asymmetry ‎of the exchange rate shows significant tarch ‎effect on iran’s exchange rates‎. the findings of the study indicate negative shocks (bad ne...

Let E be a non empty RLS structure. A binary image of E is a subset of E. In the sequel E denotes a real linear space and A denotes a binary image of E. Let E be a real linear space and let A, B be binary images of E. The functor A B yielding a binary image of E is defined as follows: (Def. 1) A B = {z ∈ E: ∧ b : element of E (b ∈ B ⇒ z − b ∈ A)}. Let a be a real number, let E be a real linear ...

Let x be a sequence of real numbers and let p be a real number. The functor x yielding a sequence of real numbers is defined as follows: (Def. 1) For every natural number n holds x(n) = |x(n)|. Let p be a real number. Let us assume that p ≥ 1. The functor l yielding a non empty subset of the carrier of the linear space of real sequences is defined as follows: (Def. 2) For every set x holds x ∈ ...