In this review, the authors examine the basis for the mnemonic superiority that results from relating material to the self. A meta-analysis confirms the expected self-reference effect (SRE) in memory, with self-referent encoding strategies yielding superior memory relative to both semantic and other-referent encoding strategies. Consistent with theory and research that suggest self-reference (S...

Collaborative categorization is an emerging direction for research and innovative applications. Arguably, collaborative categorization on the Web is an especially promising emerging form of collaborative Web systems because of both, the widespread use of the conventional Web and the emergence of the Semantic Web providing with more semantic information on Web data. This paper discusses this iss...

arabic grammar aimed to protect arabic language from any erroneous pronunciations and writings. but grammar itself came to be complicated and came to be a goal rather than a means of reaching to exact learning of arabic language. some of contemporary arabic linguists strived to simplify the arabic grammar and rid it from any complexities. experts like ibrahim mostafa, makhzumi, showqii dhaif an...

Stephen Read's criticism of Buridan's solution of the Liar Paradox is based on the charge that while this solution may avoid inconsistency, it does so at the expense of failing to provide a theory of truth. This paper argues that this is one luxury Buridan's logical theory actually can afford: since Buridan does not de ne formal consequence in terms of truth (and with good reason), his logic si...

Semantic interference in word retrieval has been observed for both well-learned and ad hoc inter-item relations. We tested whether such semantic interference extends to the blocked cyclic naming of racially homogeneous vs. heterogeneous faces. No information except arbitrarily assigned names was provided for novel faces. Yet we observed interference in naming individuals in homogeneous groups. ...

Weutilize neutron reflectometry (NR) to probe the amount of residual solvent in thinpolystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films spin-coated from deuterated toluene solutions onto silicon substrates.The effect of thermal treatment at temperatures belowandabove the glass transitionofPSandPMMA are examined to determine how these treatments affect the residual solvent. The parameter...

Abstract Rate-setting is a problematic area for newcomers to translation and established practitioners alike. Survey data generally support the view that translators feel underpaid money matters remain chief ethical pragmatic concern, but appropriate guidance almost entirely absent from introductory textbooks on profession documentation prepared by industry associations remains unsatisfactory. ...

1. WHAT IS THE POINT? As of today, the Semantic Web has yet to achieve the widespread penetration that its creators originally envisioned. While the Semantic Web initiative is gaining momentum, the practical availability of Semantic Web content for endusers is still rather low due to limited content availability and support in major search engines and virtually no (visualization) support in typ...