Introduction: Calcium critical limit in pistachio plants is about 1.3 percent of plant dried material; magnesium critical limit in pistachio leaves is about 0.6 percent of plant dried material. To measure calcium and magnesium there are several methods in which three methods of titration and atomic absorption that are more common and used to libraries more in addition to ICP modern method are u...

Theory has recognized a combination of niche and neutral processes each contributing, with varying importance, to species coexistence. However, long-term persistence of rare species has been difficult to produce in trait-based models of coexistence that incorporate stochastic dynamics, raising questions about how rare species persist despite such variability. Following recent evidence that rare...

Bet-hedging theory addresses how individuals should optimize fitness in varying and unpredictable environments by sacrificing mean fitness to decrease variation in fitness. So far, three main bet-hedging strategies have been described: conservative bet-hedging (play it safe), diversified bet-hedging (don’t put all eggs in one basket) and adaptive coin flipping (choose a strategy at random from ...

The Orphan Drug Act (ODA) was designed to spur the development of drugs for rare diseases. In principle, its design also incentivizes pharmaceutical firms to develop drugs for "rare" subdivisions of more prevalent diseases. I find that in response to this incentive, firms develop drugs for ODA-qualifying subdivisions of non-rare diseases. The impact in these tailored drug markets represents hal...

JEAN-CHRISTOPHE DOMEC, KARINA SCHÄFER, RAM OREN, HYUN S. KIM and HEATHER R. McCARTHY 1 Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA 2 Corresponding authors ([email protected]; [email protected]) 3 Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 4 Federated Departm...