Characterizations of quasi-continuousmodules and continuousmodules are given. A non-trivial generalization of injectivity (distinct from p-injectivity) is considered.

OBJECTIVES There is often substantial uncertainty about the impacts of health system and policy interventions. Despite that, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are uncommon in this field, partly because experiments can be difficult to carry out. An alternative method for impact evaluation is the interrupted time-series (ITS) design. Little is known, however, about how results from the two meth...

BACKGROUND Self-help interventions without professional contact to curb adult problem drinking in the community are increasingly being delivered via the Internet. OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the overall effectiveness of these eHealth interventions. METHODS In all, 9 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), all from high-income countries, with 9 comparison conditi...

Several issues concerning stepped care are discussed: the constraints of using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), the importance of basic and process research, the unintended negative effects of exaggerated claims of effectiveness and efficiency, the limits of RCTs in evaluating improvement and deterioration, the self-correcting...

The number needed to treat (NNT) is a popular effect measure to present study results in biomedical research. NNTs were originally proposed to describe the absolute effect of a new treatment compared with a standard treatment or placebo in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with binary outcome. The concept of the NNT measure has been applied to a number of other research areas involving the de...

Axioms of Lie algebroid are discussed. In particular, it is shown that a Lie quasi-algebroid (i.e. a Lie algebra bracket on the C∞(M)-module E of sections of a vector bundle E over a manifold M which satisfies [X, fY ] = f [X, Y ] + A(X,f)Y for all X, Y ∈ E , f ∈ C∞(M), and for certain A(X,f) ∈ C∞(M)) is a Lie algebroid if rank(E) > 1, and is a local Lie algebra in the sense of Kirillov if E is...

BACKGROUND Blinding is a measure in randomized controlled trials (RCT) to reduce detection and performance bias. There is evidence that lack of blinding leads to overestimated treatment effects. Because of the physical component of interventions, blinding is not easily applicable in surgical trials. This is a protocol for a systematic review and empirical study about actual impact on outcomes a...

Background and aims: Fennel is often advocated for primary dysmenorrhea. Whether this herb has areal effect on pain relief is still a matter of debate in medicine. Therefore, this study was conducted toevaluate the effect of fennel on primary dysmenorrhea.Methods: This systematic review was conducted on clinical trials (non-randomized, randomized,historical study with co...

This paper discusses the issue of self-organized modularity for adaptive robot behavior. In particular we introduce the concept of functional modularity through diachronic structure in recurrent neural robot control mechanisms. We demonstrate how behavioral adaptivity through quasi-modularity at a functional level can be realized in monolithic recurrent neurocontrollers through context-dependen...

BACKGROUND We purposed to systemically review studies investigating the prophylactic effect of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities against rocuronium induced withdrawal movement (RIWM) in the Korean population. METHODS Literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Koreamed, KMBASE, KISS and RISS up to March 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compar...