The construction of a distinguisher (Knudsen and Meier 2000) (i.e., an algorithm that is able of distinguishing a random permutation or random mapping from a given cryptographic primitive, such as a block cipher or hash function) is one of the main objectives of a cryptanalyst. Although a distinguisher may or may not be used to recover some of the plaintext or key bits, the existence of an effi...

Abstract. A general analytical treatment for the free energy of an urn model with quenched disorder is developed. It is revealed that the disordered urn model has similar mathematical structure to a random field Ising model. From this similarity, the free energy of the disordered urn model in the thermodynamic limit can be calculated from the canonical partition function by the replica analysis...

The great danger in computer implementation of approximate reasoning is the use of inappropriate, unjustified, ad hoc models. Newcomers in the domain of commonsense reasoning could be overwhelmed by the multitude of models. Their reaction could be either to accept one of them and use it in every context or to use all of them somehow at random. Both attitudes are wrong. The stubborn use of one m...

Asymmetry of paw usage in the laboratory mouse is an experimental model for left-right asymmetry of hand usage. Given a set number of reaches into a centrally placed food tube (an unbiased or U-world test), individual mice exhibit a number of left and right paw reaches that is reliably expressed on retesting. Whereas different inbred strains appear to have equal numbers of individual mice with ...

Usage Context-Based Design (UCBD) is an area of growing interest within the design community. Usage context is the set of scenarios in which a product (or service) is to be used, including the environments in which the product is used, the types of tasks the product performs, and the conditions under which the product is purchased and operates. It is proposed in this work that in choice modelin...

OBJECTIVE To show how segmentation can enhance risk stratification tools for integrated care, by providing insight into different care usage patterns within the high-risk population. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. A risk score was calculated for each person using a logistic regression, which was then used to select the top 5% high-risk individuals. This population was segmented based on...

Whether codon usage fine-tunes mRNA translation in mammals remains controversial, with recent papers suggesting that production of proteins in specific Gene Ontological (GO) pathways can be regulated by actively modifying the codon and anticodon pools in different cellular conditions. In this work, we compared the sequence content of genes in specific GO categories with the exonic genome backgr...

Across all kingdoms of biological life, protein-coding genes exhibit unequal usage of synonymous codons. Although alternative theories abound, translational selection has been accepted as an important mechanism that shapes the patterns of codon usage in prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes. Here we analyze patterns of codon usage across 74 diverse bacteriophages that infect E. coli, P. aeruginosa,...

The World Wide Web provides information for most tourist locations and thus has enormous influence on tourists’ decisions. However, Web applications rarely support all phases of tour planning. The city of Görlitz offers website visitors an opportunity to plan individual city tours in advance by specifying personal interests and tour preferences. Using this information, the system creates a pers...