Currently, many researchers have studied the hail cloud system from different aspects. Mainly including: the relationship between development of the thundercloud and the changing of meteorological elements; the analysis of the distribution character of hail spectrum; observation of the micro-structure of the hail cloud with the satellite and radar; distinguish the hail cloud from thundercloud w...

The signal propagation at the frequencies above 10 GHz suffers from significant attenuation due to rain, which in case of point-to-multipoint systems is unlikely to be compensated for by available fade margin alone. For this reason and especially thanks to the non-uniform spatial distribution of the rain rate, it is suitable to utilize site diversity concept during planning of point-to-multipoi...

Here we present the first study, in which a large number of different vascular epiphyte species were measured for their photosynthetic performance in the natural environment of their phorophyte in the lowland rainforest of French Guyana. More than 70 epiphyte species covered the host tree in a dense cover. Of these, the photosynthesis of 16 abundant species was analyzed intensely over several m...

Abstract Changing seasonal precipitation patterns prompted by climate change are likely causing increasing degradation of adobe architecture in the American Southwest. This deterioration includes surface erosion and catastrophic collapse. study examines impact changing rainfall on untreated walls to understand how damage occurs anticipate future impacts. To complete study, we constructed 20 tes...

38 39 In this study, power-law relations are developed between the intercept parameter of the 40 exponential particle size distribution and the water content for the rain, hail, graupel and snow 41 hydrometeor categories. The derived relations are implemented within the Milbrandt and Yau 42 microphysics scheme. Simulations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma tornadic supercell are 43 performed using the...

Concentrations of sulfur and carbon, and isotopic compositions of sulfur were determined in sedimentary rocks from a section across the terrestrial Permian^Triassic (P^Tr) boundary in the northern Karoo Basin, South Africa. High concentrations of sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria were found in the sedimentary rocks at and just below the perceived P^Tr boundary. The ratios of organic...

The aim of this study is to improve the estimation of the characteristic uncertainties of optic disdrometers in an attempt to calculate the efficient sampling area according to the size of the drop and to study how this influences the computation of other parameters, taking into account that the real sampling area is always smaller than the nominal area. For large raindrops (a little over 6 mm)...

Southern Africa has been identified as one of the hotspot areas climate extremes increasing, at same time many communities in region are dependent on rain-fed agriculture, which is vulnerable to these rainfall and temperature extremes. The aim this study understand changes extreme indices during agricultural season under change how that affect modeling maize suitability Africa. We analyze its (...

Flight activities of two sympatric termite species, Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) and Macrotermes carbonarius (Hagen), were studied in Penang Island, Malaysia. Herein, we present the first documentation of chronological reproductive isolation of M. gilvus and M. carbonarius. Flights of M. gilvus were recorded over a remarkably long 7-mo period from March to September, whereas swarming of M. carbon...