the part of precipitation that directly meets the water requirements of a plant, is termed the effective rainfall. effective rainfall estimation methods consist of: direct measurement, empirical methods, and soil-water balance modeling. due to the high costs of measurements and storing devices such as lysimeter, empirical and balance methods are most commonly used to estimate the effective rain...

1. introduction world bank, in a report on our country, has named the following factors as the water challenges facing the country: decrease in per capita recoverable water, loss of water quality, inefficient use of effective consumption monitoring in industry and agriculture, soil salinity, the poor quality of maintenance and preservation of reservoirs, restrictions on the recoverable cost and...

-Water resources are being, over decades, intensively over explored and polluted, and it is estimated that in a few years, it is reached highly values of water stress in Europe. Portugal is already in the ranking of countries with medium water stress (10-20%). To avoid the deterioration of this situation it is imperative to consider different approaches of water management, such as water reuse ...

Fish and other organisms with aquacultural potential live in water, thus, it is no surprise that professional fish culturists state that "Water quality determines to a great extent the success or failure of a fish cultural operation" (Piper et al. 1982). Because water is an essential requirement for fish farming, any properly prepared business plan for aquaculture must describe the quality and ...

there are different materials and compounds in water that determine its chemical and physical quality. as the result of special conditions such as increase and decrease in discharge, water quality can vary. one of these conditions is drought that decreases discharge, and water quality changes. in this study, droughts of sistan and baluchistan province have been analyzed using standardized preci...