Electrophoresis is the main metod for separating large polyelectrolyte molecules, primarily used on DNA, in biochemistry and medicine research. An overwiev of the models of physical mechanisms that are behind this phenomena will be presented. The prominent role is taken by reptation mechanisms, by which large ‡exible polyelectrolytes thread their way through the pores of the gel matrix. There a...

The separation of polypeptides by electrophoresis allowed Arne Tiselius to describe protein fractions corresponding to albumin, -, -, and -globulins in serum with the Rrst published diagram of human serum protein electrophoresis in 1939. The number of fractions slowly expanded into electrophoretic subfractions identiRed as 1, 2, 1, 2, 1 and 2. The mobility characteristics of these fractions are...

Polarized fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (pFRAP) has been used to study the internal dynamics of relatively long DNA molecules embedded in gels that range in concentration from 1% to 5% agarose. The data indicate that, even in very congested gels, rapid internal relaxation of DNA is largely unhindered; however, interactions with gel matrices apparently do perturb the larger amplitud...

The discovery that antigen}antibody interaction could be produced not only in liquids, but also on gel media, such as agar or agarose gels, with the formation of insoluble immunoprecipitates, opened the door to the development of the gel diffusion techniques for immunoprecipitation analysis. The Rrst of these techniques, known as double diffusion, was introduced by Ouchterlony in 1948. In this ...

First direct measurements of nonambipolar magnetic fluctuation-induced charge transport in the interior of a high-temperature plasma are reported. Global resistive tearing modes drive the charge transport which is measured in the vicinity of the resonant surface for the dominant core resonant mode. Finite charge transport has two important consequences. First, it generates a potential well alon...