The physics of electromagnetics, or more specifically, the concept electric and magnetic field lines force, was proposed by Michael Faraday, in 1824. André-Marie Ampére’s Faraday’s experimental results were mathematically described James Clerk Maxwell, 1861. Many physicists consider Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory to be among most influential developments physics, it used called Faraday/Maxwel...

The evasion of carbon dioxide from inland waters was only recently included in assessments of the global carbon budget1,2. Current estimates of carbon dioxide release from global freshwater systems, including lakes and wetlands, range from 0.7 to 3.3 Pg C per year1,3-6. However, these estimates are based on incomplete spatial coverage of carbon dioxide evasion, and an inadequate understanding o...

background and aims. this survey was conducted to provide statistical data regarding publications in pubmed-indexed journals from tabriz university of medical sciences faculty of dentistry. materials and methods. the database used for this study was pubmed. the search was conducted using key words including the names of the heads of the departments. papers published between january 1, 2005 and ...

We prove a complexity classification theorem that classifies all counting constraint satisfaction problems (#CSP) over Boolean variables into exactly three categories: (1) Polynomial-time tractable; (2) #P-hard for general instances, but solvable in polynomial-time over planar graphs; and (3) #P-hard over planar graphs. The classification applies to all sets of local, not necessarily symmetric,...

An emerging approach to the understanding and exploitation of metabolic processes is metabolic/ pathway engineering. This implies a targeted and purposeful manipulation of the capabilities of an organism. We are pursuing this broad research objective. Specifically, the acidogenic metabolism of Aspergillus niger has served as the paradigm. Molecular genetic tools are being employed to understand...

Each symmetric matrix A over C defines a graph homomorphism function ZA(·) on undirected graphs. The function ZA(·) is also called the partition function from statistical physics, and can encode many interesting graph properties, including counting vertex covers and k-colorings. We study the computational complexity of ZA(·) for arbitrary symmetric matrices A with algebraic complex values. Buil...