Dean, J. G., Brit. med. Y., 1949, 1, 842. ' Market Research Africa (Pty.) Ltd. study on birthplace and overseas travel of the White South African population, Johannesburg (1963) and subsequent studies. ' Allison, R. S., and Millar, J. H. D., Ulster med. Y., 1954, 23, Suppl. No. 2. 'McAlpine, D., Lumsden, C. E., and Acheson, E. D., Multiple Sclerosis: A Reappraisal. 1965. Edinburgh. Hargreaves, ...

The progestogen-only pill (POP), minipill, is quite an effective second line contraceptive. Despite this, it is used relatively infrequently except during lactation. The main reason for this is that women on POP often have abnormal bleeding patterns, with an increased frequency of bleeding, lengthened cycles, breakthrough bleeding, spotting and prolonged bleeding. These menstrual disturbances a...

OBJECTIVE To determine the relative risk of developing endometrial neoplasia after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens. DESIGN Prospective cohort follow up study, average observation period 5.7 years for each patient. To have a 90% chance of detecting a relative risk of 2.0 with 95% significance the study required 78,000 person years of observation. SETTING C...

The opportunities for preventing cancer of the sex organs in women tend to be very different from those arising with other cancers': for instance, avoidance of sexual intercourse would probably almost eliminate carcinoma of the cervix.2 Even, however, with the current fashion for extrauterine fertilisation coital abstinence will never become an acceptable prophylactic, but further research stim...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of moxibustion, through stimulating acupoints of Danzhong (CV 17) and Ganshu (BL 18) in rats with hyperplasia of mammary gland (HMG) which induced by estrogen and progestogen. METHODS: Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into saline control group, HMG model group, and HMG moxibustion group with 10 in each group. Saline control was the grou...

McKenzie’s laboratory (U. MO; 1930s) described the estrous cycle of domestic animals. Brownell (Cornell; 1936) reported AI and bull bred pregnancy rates were similar. Between 1938 (first, EJ Perry, NJ) and 1940, 54 AI organizations in 21 states were formed. Ulberg, Christian and Casida (1951) controlled time of ovulation in cows with progesterone (P) injected daily. Trimberger and Hansel (1955)...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the rate of recording of premenstrual syndrome diagnoses in UK primary care and describe pharmacological treatments initiated following a premenstrual syndrome (PMS) diagnosis. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING UK primary care. PARTICIPANTS Women registered with a practice contributing to The Health Improvement Network primary care database between 1995 ...

In the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.d6423), Lidegaard and colleagues assess the effect of different types of combined oral contraceptive, according to progestogen type and oestrogen dose, on the risk of venous thromboembolism. Over the past four decades, more than 25 epidemiological studies have examined the risk of venous thromboembolism in current users of combined oral contraceptives.All bu...

AIM In premenopausal women, hyperandrogenicity is associated with central obesity and an increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dydrogesterone (DYD) (a non-androgenic progestogen) and norethisterone (NET) (an androgenic progestogen) on lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and glycerol release in adipocytes isolated from subcuta...

MYOMETRIAL activity is controlled by a series of anatomical, nervous and endocrine factors. We have concentrated on one group of endocrine factors, namely oestrogens and progestagens. In the beginning of these studies we used the openend catheter technique, introduced by Hendricks (1964). Later on we modified the technique by covering the intra-uterine end of the catheter with a small cylinder ...