This paper focus on Impact of Sales Promotion on Organizations’ Profitability and Consumer’s Perception in Pakistan.Literature from different researchers is also reviewed. The study is aimed at finding the relationship among sales promotion strategies and the profitability of the firms along with the perception about sales promotion of the consumers and its relationship with the brand loyalty o...

1. Optimal foraging theory assumes that a predator preys selectively to maximize fitness gain. The associated model assesses predator’s fitness gain by estimating prey profitability in terms of appropriate foraging costs and benefits. While model developing, unsuccessful foraging was included in the model because it is inevitable and costly for a predator. However, it has rarely been taken into...

This paper examines the profitability and risk-taking behavior of individual traders in the Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) by tracking their trade-by-trade transaction histories. We first show that although as a group individual traders have a net loss after all transaction costs, there are fairly profitable traders, accounting for about 1/3 of the traders. Further examination reveals that pr...

Is the crop economically feasible (profitable)? The most comprehensive way to determine if an alternative crop is economically feasible is to complete an enterprise budget. The enterprise budget is a projection of the manager’s estimates, and is a tool to estimate net profit by estimating revenues and subtracting operating and ownership costs associated with a particular crop. To create an ente...

The debate over gains in productivity, profitability and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) from information technology (IT) investment have perplexed managers and researchers for a number of years (Hitt and Brynjolfsson, 1996). Organizations continue to invest enormous amounts of money in IT, presumably expecting substantial gains in their performance. Yet a variety of studies present con...

Marketing theory has traditionally contrasted a market orientation to internally oriented approaches stressing productive efficiency, or selling and promoting. This study examines the comparative effect of these three different emphases on profit performance. The results indicate that analysis of customer needs has a positive association with profitability. Internally oriented approaches do not...

There is a long-standing trade-off in bioculture between concentrating on high-yield varieties and maintaining sufficient diversity to lower the risks of catastrophic infection. The paper uses a simple ecology-based model of endogenous disease to indicate how a local decision to plant more of a widely grown crop creates negative externalities by increasing the probability that new pathogens wil...