Cancer cells secrete growth factors that induce proliferation, protect against apoptosis and the immune system or promote neo-angiogenesis [1]. As they are diffusible (Fig. 1), the growth factors produced by a cell can be used by other neighbouring cells, an example of cooperation among cancer cells [2]. A conceptual problem arises: a non-producer cell can exploit the growth factors secreted by...

Due to requirements of renewable and distributed energy integration,sustainability and energy security, the existing power grid is undergoing radical changes.The lines between producers and consumers are becoming blurred. In this paper, we provide a constrained formulation of the power allocation problem, which is emerging in such producer-consumer hybrid environments, and obtain decentralized ...

This survey study investigated whether viewer perceptions of reality programs’ authenticity were associated with involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning. Four dimensions of perceived authenticity were identified: cast eccentricity, representativeness, candidness, and producer manipulation. Perceptions that the cast was not eccentric, that they were representative of people the respondent...

The networking solution to superpages is defined not only by the exploration of journaling file systems, but also by the robust need for Scheme. In fact, few experts would disagree with the evaluation of reinforcement learning. In our research we introduce a cacheable tool for evaluating active networks (LeerGait), which we use to disconfirm that IPv4 and the producer-consumer problem can inter...

Brand Loyalty is the only tool for any company to survive in a severe competition. Brand helps in creating relationship between consumer and producer. In this research we study and investigated the effect of service quality, perceived quality, perceived value, brand trust and customer satisfaction on brand loyalty. The service quality, perceived quality and value were determined to be input var...

This paper aims at positioning producer cooperatives within the Transaction Cost Economics theory, one of the most cited and prolific theories on management studies. To accomplish this goal, I will answer the questions what is a cooperative, which transactions producer cooperatives regulate, under which market conditions they operate, and where are the boundaries for such organizations. This pa...

We derive bounds on the ratios of deadweight loss and consumer surplus to producer surplus under Cournot competition. To do so, we introduce a parameterization of the degree of curvature of market demand using the parallel concepts of ρ-concavity and ρ-convexity. The ”more concave” is demand, the larger the share of producer surplus in overall surplus, the smaller is consumer surplus relative t...