Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) as active participants within global security environments has increased in the last two decades exponentially. States have progressively incorporated PMSCs their functions, both domestically internationally. Since conflict Iraq early 2000s, there been numerous plausible reports of violating international humanitarian law. Despite this, only a few...

The paper investigates the relationship between financial distress of European private companies identified by Altman Z-score and real bankruptcy. We extend traditional with asymmetric effect economic activity. Our results show higher forecasting performance large in a three-year projection. argue that our differ from (1968) because specific market conditions Europe enable prolongation activity...

In the two decades following 1980, the United States incarceration rate more than tripled. State officials carrying out stricter criminal justice measures faced increasingly crowded facilities and some turned to private companies to build or run their prisons. Recently, private prisons have become the focus of considerable attention as scandals resulted in major prison closings (e.g., Walnut Gr...