T wo is the fundamental number for genetics; all of us are the products of single zygotic events but the zygote is formed from two gametes, and two different sets of chromosomes make up our genomes. When I first learnt genetics, it was about diploids, and meiosis and the generation of haploid gametes was central to its understanding. Incidentally, lacking a classical education, I thought haplo ...

An isoperimetric problem of the calculus of variations is reviewed. An integral functional, dependent on a function u (x), its derivative u′ (x) and on the independent variable x, is minimised. The minimisation is subject to the isoperimetric constraint that the length of the integration interval remains constant. The well-known Euler equation of the fundamental problem of the calculus of varia...

We introduce the Abnormally Weighting Energy (AWE) hypothesis in which dark energy (DE) is presented as a consequence of the violation of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) at cosmological scales by some dark sector. Indeed, this implies a violation of the strong equivalence principle (SEP) for ordinary matter and consequent cosmic acceleration in the observable frame as well as variation of ...

This paper begins by introducing the concept of Optimization in SQL Queries. The introductory section gives brief information on the strategies, an optimizer should follow. In order to examine the role of query optimization process in RDBMS, this paper will look at both static and dynamic process of optimization as well as all the general aspects of query optimization. The paper will then explo...

A cellular neural network (CNN) is a recurrent neural network model. Like other models of this kind, the complete stability issue remains an open question. Leaving aside the unstable cyclic output case, the existence of stable outputs itself, known as the partial stability problem, ends up being a quite reliable guarantee for complete stability. Yet, no necessary and sufficient condition for pa...