Seismic acquisition footprint generally consists of modulations in recorded amplitudes that are spatially correlated to the surface locations of sources and receivers used in a survey. These amplitude variations obscure the true reflection response of the subsurface. In this study, synthetic seismic data were produced using numerical modelling code written in MATLAB. An “exhaustive” dataset was...

Imaging subsalt structures under the complex overburdens is a challenging task in seismic exploration due to the poor illumination of seismic waves. To solve the illumination problem, geophysicists designed the wide azimuth acquisition. Moreover, WAZ acquisition improves the signal to noise ratio by increasing the azimuthal fold, and reduces multiple interferences in the final images (Etgen, 20...

Standard imaging techniques rely on the single scattering assumption. This requires that the recorded data do not include internal multiples, i.e., waves that have bounced multiple times between reflectors before reaching the receivers at the acquisition surface. When multiple reflections are present in the data, standard imaging algorithms incorrectly image them as ghost reflectors. These arti...

The space-time Greens functions for 3-D poststack and 3-D prestack migration in a homogeneous medium are derived under the fareld approximation. These Greens functions can be used to practically compute synthetic migrated images. Examples are given for the recording footprint noise associated with a point scatterer and a meandering river channel. The Greens functions also provide fundamental in...

Seismic reflection and refraction images illuminate the San Andreas Fault to a depth of 1 kilometer. The prestack depth-migrated reflection image contains near-vertical reflections aligned with the active fault trace. The fault is vertical in the upper 0.5 kilometer, then dips about 70 degrees to the southwest to at least 1 kilometer subsurface. This dip reconciles the difference between the co...

The objective of this work is to build an efficient algorithm (a) to estimate seismic velocity from time-migration velocity, and (b) to convert time-migrated images to depth. We establish theoretical relations between the time-migration velocity and the seismic velocity in 1 Page 1 of 23 GEOPHYSICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3...

Seismic waves in earth media usually undergo attenuation, causing energy losses and phase distortions. In the regime of high-frequency asymptotics, a complex-valued eikonal is an essential ingredient for describing wave propagation attenuating media, where real imaginary parts function capture dispersion effects amplitude attenuation seismic waves, respectively. Conventionally, such mainly comp...