We obtain an improvement of some coloring theorems from [1], [6], and [2] for the case where the singular cardinal in question has countable cofinality. As a corollary, we obtain an “idealized” version of the combinatorial principle Pr1(μ, μ+, μ+, cf(μ)) that maximizes the indecomposability of the associated ideal.

Plants are continually exposed to pathogen attack but usually remain healthy because they can activate defences upon perception of microbes. However, pathogens have evolved to overcome plant immunity by delivering effectors into the plant cell to attenuate defence, resulting in disease. Recent studies suggest that some effectors may manipulate host transcription, but the specific mechanisms by ...

The pbs3-1 mutant, identified in a screen for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants exhibiting enhanced susceptibility to the avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pathogen DC3000 (avrPphB), also exhibits enhanced susceptibility to virulent P. syringae strains, suggesting it may impact basal disease resistance. Because induced salicylic acid (SA) is a critical mediator of basal resistance respons...

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists such as neuropeptides activate the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-IR) or the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt, suggesting that neuropeptides-GPCR signaling can cross-communicate with IGF-IR-Akt signaling pathways. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) is a cell-surface peptidase that cleaves and inactivates the neuropeptides endothelin-1 (ET...

Low valent nickelates Rn+1NinO2n+2 (R = rare earth) containing Ni1+ (d9) with a quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) square-planar coordination geometry possess structural and electronic properties that are similar to those of high Tc cuprates, including superconductivity itself in the doped infinite-layer (n ?) RNiO2 system. Within this nickelate family, crystallographic isomorphs Pr4Ni3O8 La4Ni3O...

Once seen as potential sequencing artifacts, long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs; >200 nucleotides) have gained recognition as important regulatory factors. lncRNAs are transcribed from a variety of genomic locations (introns, intergenic spaces, and coding regions) from the sense or antisense strand (reviewed in Chekanova, 2015). Moreover, lncRNAs function in cis or in trans and affect gene regulation...

Once seen as potential sequencing artifacts, long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs; >200 nucleotides) have gained recognition as important regulatory factors. lncRNAs are transcribed from a variety of genomic locations (introns, intergenic spaces, and coding regions) from the sense or antisense strand (reviewed in Chekanova, 2015). Moreover, lncRNAs function in cis or in trans and affect gene regulation...