| We provide a tutorial review, by example, of how to calculate optimal bus prices and congestion costs for a simple power system, using the \DC" loaddow approximation. It is also shown how to calculate the marginal eeect of changing the impedance of a transmission on total system costs, and how this can be used for transmission planning purposes. The role of long-term contracts for hedging and...

The increasing penetration of renewable generation increases the need for flexibility to accommodate for growing uncertainties. The level of flexibility is measured by the available power that can be provided by flexible resources, such as dispatachable generators, in a certain time period under the constraint of transmission capacity. In addition to conventional flexible resources, energy stor...

In planning studies, the conventional approach for steady state contingency analysis is to test all contingencies sequentially for evaluating system performance and reliability. This analysis consists of simulating outages of one or more generating units and transmission lines to study their effects on bus voltage, generator MVAR outputs and line power flows. But new challenges and uncertaintie...

Decentralized electricity markets and even more integration of renewables demand expanding the existing transmission infrastructure to accommodate variabilities in power flows inflected by them. However, such expansion is severely limited in many countries due to political and environmental issues. Hence, Transmission System Operators have to use the existing grid creatively, in particular taki...

when power systems are expanded and connected together with weak tie lines, the low-frequency oscillations are increased and the stability margin of the power system decreases. therefore, when designing the transmission system to be used, it is necessary to maintain the dynamic stability of the power system, and to make sure to have the most possible stability margin. sssc is a facts device con...

Transmission network expansion planning (TNEP) is a basic part of power system planning that determines where, when and how many new transmission lines should be added to the network. Up till now, various methods have been presented to solve the static transmission network expansion planning (STNEP) problem. But in all of these methods, transmission expansion planning considering network adequa...

Restructuring and liberalization of electric power markets in recent years present new challenges to network operators. Existing transmission assets are being pushed to their physical limits in order to increase overall utilization of transmission networks. Additionally, demand for electric energy is steadily increasing, which further stresses network components. This leads to congested transmi...

This paper presents a mathematical model and a methodology to analyze the losses in transmission expansion planning (TEP) under uncertainty in demand. The methodology is based on discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO). DPSO is a useful and powerful stochastic evolutionary algorithm to solve the large-scale, discrete and nonlinear optimization problems like TEP. The effectiveness of the pro...