This paper analyses and explains from the systems point of view, microprocessor based protective relay (MBPR) systems with emphasis on differential equation algorithms. Presently, the application of protective relaying in power systems, using MBPR systems, based on the differential equation algorithm is valued more than the protection relaying based on any other type of algorithm, because of ad...

259 Lines are protected by overcurrent-, distance-, or pilot-relaying equipment, depending on the requirements. Overcurrent relaying is the simplest and cheapest, the most difficult to apply, and the quickest to need readjustment or even replacement as a system changes. It is generally used for phaseand ground-fault protection on station-service and distribution circuits in electric utility and...

the design and application of a fuzzy logic based controller to a leakage current relay waspresented in this paper. a novel approach based on fuzzy logic to form the tripping action of leakagecurrent relay was investigated. in addition to the theoretical aspect of fuzzy logic, detection of a leakagecurrent, measurement of the leakage current, determination of its duration, trip opening of fault...

Relays are widely used in power distribution systems to isolate their faulty components and thus avoid disruption of power and damaging expensive equipment. The reliability of relay-based protection of power distribution systems is of utmost importance and is judged by first constructing Markovian models of individual modules and then analyzing these models analytically or using simulation. How...

despite the presence of women in higher education and qualification levels of public decency, a small number of women have been appointed to management positions; therefore, they are less powerful than men in organizational decision-making processes.  in this research, organizational culture and consequently gender as the most important factor influencing corporate power distribution is conside...

Internal Turn-Turn faults (TTF) are the most common failures in power transformers, which could seriously reduce their life expectancy. Although common protection schemes such as current-baseddifferential protection are able to detect some of the internal faults, some other minor ones (such as TTFs andshort circuit near the neutral point) cannot be detected by such schemes. Likewise, these rela...

this study attempts to find if better performance in power play leads a team to victory in a twenty20 match. based on the methodology devised to do so, the study tries to measure the performance of both the teams during power play overs in terms of batting and bowling. the developed measure is called ‘prod’ which is a product of the difference of batting and bowling performance of the teams dur...