This research presents the review of Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC). For ADC there are mainly four different methods, Flash ADC, Pipelined ADC, Successive Approximation ADC, and Sigma Delta ADC. The Flash ADC is the Fast ADC. For Designing the ADC, the parameters important are Static and Dynamic. In static parameters Differential Non Linearity Error (DNLE), Integral Non Linearity Error (INLE...

Problem statement: With the advent of the advanced technology and the need for more advanced equipment, the current progress and development of electronic instruments stimulate more interest and efforts for more innovative ideas and better designs. Many real world physical values, such as sounds, temperature, pressure and humidity, can be measured as analog or continuous signals. However, to pr...

The DC output voltage of some renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic systems and fuel cells is often of a low value. This requires some power electronic devices to step up the voltage to a suitable value which is required by inverters. Since the DC–DC converter is a nonlinear dynamic system due to its operation mode, a nonlinear method should be used for system analysis and design. This ...

This work presents an ADC core for sensor readout applications. To achieve a high resolution combined with Nyquist-rate A/D conversion, it employs the extended counting technique (IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, 42(11) (1995) 904). By making the number of counting steps programmable, the circuit allows to trade conversion speed for accuracy. In its nominal (lowest-accuracy) mode a conversion requ...

The chloroplast-based photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae associates various redox cofactors and pigments with approximately 70 polypeptides to form five major transmembrane protein complexes. Among these are two photosystems that have distinct light absorption properties but work in series to produce reducing equivalents aimed at the fixation of atmospheric carbon. A short term chroma...

In this paper, a new method is introduced for improving the efficiency of the Residue Number System, which uses both binary and residue representations in order to represent a number. A residue number system uses the remainder of the division in several different modules. Conversion of a number to smaller ones and carrying out parallel calculations on these numbers greatly increase the speed of...

In this paper, a new method is introduced for improving the efficiency of the Residue Number System, which uses both binary and residue representations in order to represent a number. A residue number system uses the remainder of the division in several different modules. Conversion of a number to smaller ones and carrying out parallel calculations on these numbers greatly increase the speed of...