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[1] Small volcanic edifices, shields with a diameter less than about 20 km, are common and sometimes very abundant features on the plains of Venus. Typically, they form tight or loose clusters of features known as shield fields. Small shields are interpreted to be formed due to small-scale eruptions through numerous and distinct sources, a mode of formation apparently significantly different fr...

Introduction: Venus as a probable single-plate planet [1] has a unique set of volcano-tectonic features. The enigmatic circular structures, coronae are of great interest in particular. The corona definition does also include other concentric features known as the “arachnoids” [2], but it does not elaborate on the details of the concentric volcano-tectonic structures. In several cases, coronae a...

Molecular methods as applied to the biogeography of single species (phylogeography) or multiple codistributed species (comparative phylogeography) have been productively and extensively used to elucidate common historical features in the diversification of the Earth's biota. However, only recently have methods for estimating population divergence times or their confidence limits while taking in...

The topographic midlands on Venus comprise about 80% of the surface and an understanding of their mode of formation is essential to unraveling the geologic and geodynamic history of the planet. We explore this question by undertaking a comprehensive geological mapping of the Fredegonde Quadrangle (V-57, 50–751S, 60–1201E, 1:5M scale) that represents the transition zone from the midlands to the ...

Prediction equations for spirometry in South Africa To the Editor: The South African Guideline for Office Spirometry was recently published. [1] Its aim was to provide an updated guideline for office spirometry in South Africa (SA), thereby improving the quality, standardisation and usefulness of spirometry. The need for local prediction equations based on large, all­inclusive studies of the SA...

Academic debate is healthy and helps us to clarify the evidence base for the interested reader. However, it is unusual for a peer-reviewed paper in a reputable journal to receive quite as much criticism as that which greeted publication of the paper by Peckham et al on fluoride and hypothyroidism. Two highly critical commentaries were published at the time. 3 A subsequent review article in the ...

The Hf–W systematics of meteoritic and planetary samples provide firm constraints on the chronology of the accretion and earliest evolution of asteroids and terrestrial planets and lead to the following succession and duration of events in the earliest solar system. Formation of Ca,Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) at 4568.3 ± 0.7 Ma was followed by the accretion and differentiation of the parent bodie...

Traditional approaches to language modelling have relied on a fixed corpus of text to inform the parameters of a probability distribution over word sequences. Increasing the corpus size often leads to better-performing language models, but no matter how large, the corpus is a static entity, unable to reflect information about events which postdate it. In these pages we introduce an online parad...

Large igneous provinces (LIPs) form in both oceanic and continental settings by the emplacement and eruption of voluminous magmas ranging from basalt to rhyolite in composition. Continental flood basalt provinces are the best studied LIPs and consist of crustal intrusive systems, extensive flood lavas and ignimbrites, and mafic volcaniclastic deposits in varying proportions. Intrusive rocks are...