This article reviews the work of significant humanities and social science scholars for their thoughts and theories about advertising’s social and cultural consequences. In brief, they view advertising as intrusive and environmental and its effects as inescapable and profound. They see it as reinforcing materialism, cynicism, irrationality, selfishness, anxiety, social competitiveness, sexual p...

globalization, as the most important change at recent age, depends on developing of science, technology and information. it has several effects on aspects of human activities such as social and political studies and changing ideas. moreover, power, the central concept in politics, has confronted different approaches. so, any subject, e.g. political development, needs re-definition and re-explan...

Is ecological economics mainly a natural science or a social science? Ecologists may start from a natural science perspective emphasizing positivism and value-neutrality as their theory of science. When looking for similarly inclined scholars in the social sciences they will find friends among neoclassical economists. But theory of science is not limited to positivism and economics is much more...

abstract the word science has gone through semantic change in different historical periods and in relation to the cultural and social circumstances of the time and thus has been used in various senses. a semantic study of word in the pre- and post-islamic eras will reveal that the word has been used in different and even opposite senses. this means that, in the age of ignorance (pre-islamic era...