1 Research and epistemology .................................................................................1 2 Inductive and deductive reasoning .......................................................................2 3 The scientific method ............................................................................................2 4 Objectivity and subjectivity................................

Actualism is a fundamental assumption of secular natural history. It replaced the Christian view of causality through providence, and it asserted an absolute physicochemical and geological continuity. Though often confused with uniformity and uniformitarianism due to secular obfuscation, actualism, at root, is a method of geology that limits historical processes and events to observed present-d...

This article reviews the state of the discipline of international relations. It starts from statements made by the editors in their editorial published in the first issue of this journal. The editors noted that there seemed to have been less adherence to positivism in international relations than in other areas of political science and that there was both more opposition to positivism and more ...

Contemporary fundamental theoretical physics has been in crisis for a long time, as it cannot provide an answer to the most important question: “What is the basic structural unit of matter (space, time, energy) and how is the universe constructed of these elementary units?” The reason for this situation is explained below. Also shown, is the way to find answers to these basic questions. Crisis ...