The issue Poverty and underdevelopment are closely correlated with lack of functional infrastructure and underemployment (ILO, 2010; OECD, 2005; World Bank, 1994). Infrastructure, including social and economic infrastructure, helps to build the conditions for economic growth and poverty reduction. In addition, the use of Labour Based Approaches (LBAs) to build and maintain infrastructures is cu...

The weakness of democratic institutions represents the core problem faced by processes of democratic consolidation. The present paper, which confines its attention exclusively to party systems, starts by diagnosing a double deficit. First, the concept of institutional ‘underdevelopment’ appears to be somewhat underdeveloped itself. It requires further clarification and elaboration. Second, the ...

The occurrence of an undifferentiated carcinoma in the affected lung of a cigarette smoker with asymptomatic congenital hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery is reported.

The Lancet in 1999 suggested that 'neglect of research has made primary care one of the most intellectually underdeveloped disciplines in medicine' and later labelled general practice research 'a lost cause'. According to the Medical Journal of Australia, this underdevelopment 'stems from a lack of research culture, a heavy service commitment and the late arrival of academic GPs'.

By analyzing and gathering quantitative data, this paper presents the first formal economic analysis of the impacts of the drug trafficking industry in Mexico until 2006. The analysis measures the number of drug-traffic employees, the amount of cash and investments generated by the drug-trafficking industry, the monetary costs of violence and corruption, the estimated losses in foreign investme...

war and conflicts within and among third world countries and between them and western countries, despite the end of the cold war, continues to produce fear and threat, violence, insecurity and instability. they are some of the most important causes of pain and misery of peoples, together with immense human, social, economic and developmental costs, with vast and durable consequences, in deepest...

The term, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS), initially proposed by Noonan and Nadas,8 describes a diminutive left ventricle with underdevelopment of mitral and aortic valves. A patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect is usually present. The ventricular septum is usually intact. A large patent ductus arteriosus supplies blood to the systemic circulation. Coarctation of the aorta is ...