Three developments have created challenges for political representation in the U.S. and particularly for the use of territorially based representation (election by district). First, the demographic complexity of the U.S. population has grown both in absolute terms and in terms of residential patterns. Second, legal developments since the 1960s have recognized an increasing number of groups as e...

The longer the South West Africa Case dragged on at the Hague, the more the anticipation was built up that the eventual decision would be of critical importance. Waldemar Nielsen, for example, wrote in 1965, in the fifth year of the litigation: The So uth Wes t Africa Case may be, as so me have sa id, the Achilles' hee l of apartheid. It could also be the Achilles' heel of the International Cou...

—Pierre Lévy, amongst other authors, argues that e-technology will lead to a rebirth of the ancient agora; a virtual marketplace of political ideas in which all members of a new worldwide on-line political community can take part in an expanded democracy. It is argued herein that Lévy is fundamentally mistaken; there are important legal objections to on-line voting and Lévy's conception of the ...

The origins of the Mexican Electric Power System can be traced back to the year 1879, when the first thermoelectric plant started its operation, mainly to satisfy the textile industry in the city of Leon, in the state of Guanajuato. At these early stages, the main goal of the electricity supply industry was that of satisfying the demand of the textile and mining industries (like “Real del Monte...

Appellate courts make policy, not only by hearing cases themselves, but by establishing legal rules for the disposition of future cases. The problem is that such courts are generally multimember, or collegial, courts. If different judges prefer different rules, can a collegial court establish meaningful legal rules? Can preferences that take the form of legal rules be aggregated? I use a “case-...

LW 1200. How Lawyers Think: An Introduction to American Legal Thought. 4 Hours. Introduces students to legal analysis by exploring the history of American legal thought. Perhaps more than any other, American society is governed by lawyers. Explores how innovations in legal theory both emerged from and helped shape policy responses to some of America’s biggest governance challenges, including ec...

How do minorities, defined as non-ruling communities, use as well as evade using state law, legal ideology and communal law for achievement of their political aims in democracies? What relations hold between violent, and non-violent means as hermeneutics, litigation, and legal mobilization? What is a communal legal culture, and what is its relevance for relations between state and society in th...

LW 1200. How Lawyers Think: An Introduction to American Legal Thought. 4 Hours. Introduces students to legal analysis by exploring the history of American legal thought. Perhaps more than any other, American society is governed by lawyers. Explores how innovations in legal theory both emerged from and helped shape policy responses to some of America’s biggest governance challenges, including ec...

Are judicial rulings based solely on laws and facts? Legal formalism holds that judges apply legal reasons to the facts of a case in a rational, mechanical, and deliberative manner. In contrast, legal realists argue that the rational application of legal reasons does not sufficiently explain the decisions of judges and that psychological, political, and social factors influence judicial rulings...

LW 1200. How Lawyers Think: An Introduction to American Legal Thought. 4 Hours. Introduces students to legal analysis by exploring the history of American legal thought. Perhaps more than any other, American society is governed by lawyers. Explores how innovations in legal theory both emerged from and helped shape policy responses to some of America’s biggest governance challenges, including ec...