Are states with more centralized approaches to education governance more likely to have higher student achievement and lower achievement gaps between poor and nonpoor students? This article addresses that question by theorizing about the effects of political, administrative, and fiscal centralization on student outcomes. It tests competing hypotheses about the degree to which centralization acr...

Our government is designed so that policy decisions will be made by politically accountable officials. At the same time, the right to an unbiased decisionmaker is one of the most important guarantees of our judicial system.' Since most administrative agencies both make policy and adjudicate disputes, tension between these two core constitutional values inevitably arises in the administrative st...

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This study presents the basic lines of electronic administration in Spain. The complexity of the Spanish political-administrative system makes such a study challenging, in view of the considerable degree of autonomy and competences of the regional administrative bodies and local agencies with respect to the central government, the former being more visible in the 17 regions of Spain. Nonetheles...

In December 2007 and December 2009, Austria’s Federal Parliament decided on a far-reaching, comprehensive budget reform package. The introduction of a mediumterm expenditure framework with legally binding expenditure ceilings, of accrual budgeting and accounting and of performance budgeting marks a decisive change, not only in steering the budget, but even more so in the Austrian administrative...

In 1915 the political, economic, and social instability initiated the destruction of medical units; they had no administrative bases and they lacked the resources. However, needs encouraged that structures arose to meet the wounded, fractured, and traumatized, called “blood” hospitals and so-called crosses and sanitary trains.

Achieving gender equality in science will require devising and implementing strategies to overcome the political, administrative, financial, and cultural challenges that exist in the current environment. In this forum, we propose an initial shortlist of recommendations to promote gender equality in science and stimulate future efforts to level the field.

This paper compares and contrasts the Canadian and Chinese national strategies for digital records, with the intention to generate best practices and/or lessons learned that are instructive and applicable to a wider archival community, irrespective of the existence of certain political and administrative differences. Keyword: digital records; digital records management; national strategy; Canad...