An assessment of the status quo fast subauroral flows—subauroral ion drifts (SAID) and polarization streams (SAPS), is presented. For a few decades, their development has been interpreted in terms voltage current magnetospheric generators based largely on drift motion test particles. Recent multispacecraft observations revealed serious flaws generator paradigm called for new generation mechanis...

It is challenging, yet important, to measure the—ever-changing—cold electron density in the plasmasphere. The cold inside and outside of plasmapause a key parameter for radiation belt dynamics. One indirect measurement through finding velocity dispersion relation exhibited by lightning induced whistlers. main difficulty method comes from low signal-to-noise ratios most ground-based whistler com...