Local adaptation and plasticity pose significant obstacles to predicting plant responses to future climates. Although local adaptation and plasticity in plant functional traits have been documented for many species, less is known about population-level variation in plasticity and whether such variation is driven by adaptation to environmental variation. We examined clinal variation in traits an...

microsatellite markers were used to identify informative markers associated with traits lattice shape of pod, belly shape in pod, pod length, pod width, grain number per pod, grain weight, grain weight/pod weight, grain length, grain width, pod number per plant, grain number per plant, pod weight per plant, grain weight per plant in peanut. thirteen ssr primer pairs amplified 80 alleles among 6...

Coevolutionary change requires reciprocal selection between interacting species, where the partner genotypes that are favoured in one species depend on the genetic composition of the interacting species. Coevolutionary genetic variation is manifested as genotype × genotype (G × G) interactions for fitness in interspecific interactions. Although quantitative genetic approaches have revealed abun...

Although colour polymorphisms in adult organisms of many taxa are often adaptive in the context of sexual selection or predation, genetic correlations between colour and other phenotypic traits expressed early in ontogeny could also play an important role in polymorphic systems. We studied phenotypic and genetic variation in development time among female colour morphs in the polymorphic damself...

cumin (cuminum cyminum l.) is one of the most important cultivable medicinal plants in iran and today, it is the second most popular spice in the world after black pepper. it is essential to know the relationships between yield and its components in cumin breeding programs. therefore, different multivariate statistical analysis was performed on plant characters in cumin to determine the relatio...

This study explored genetic variation and co-variation in multiple functional plant traits. Our goal was to characterize selection, heritabilities and genetic correlations among different types of traits to gain insight into the evolutionary ecology of plant populations and their interactions with insect herbivores. In a field experiment, we detected significant heritable variation for each of ...

Epigenetics is receiving growing attention in the plant science community. Epigenetic modifications are thought to play a particularly important role in fluctuating environments. It is hypothesized that epigenetics contributes to plant phenotypic plasticity because epigenetic modifications, in contrast to DNA sequence variation, are more likely to be reversible. The population of decrease in DN...

Costs and benefits for partners in mutualistic interactions can vary greatly, but surprisingly little is known about the factors that drive this variation across systems. We conducted a meta-analysis of ant-plant protective mutualisms to quantify the effects of ant defenders on plant reproductive output, to evaluate if reproductive effects were predicted from reductions in herbivory and to iden...

Effective population size (N(e)) is the key parameter for predicting genetic drift associated with germplasm regeneration. A major factor reducing N(e) below the census population size (N(c)) is variation in seed production among plants in a given population. The objectives of this study were to estimate N(e)/N(c) associated with variation in seed production in three model wind pollinated, pere...

some whitefly’s species show host correlated morphological variation. cotton whitefly is a famous one that has a wide variation in its populations and biotypes. this study was conducted to evaluate these variations in varamin area during 2005-6. for this purpose, infested leaves of tomato, cucumber, egg plant and cotton collected from fields. pupal cases mounted in microscopic slides. then thei...