AIMS This study explores nontarget effects of fungicide application on field-grown chickpea. METHODS AND RESULTS Molecular methods were used to test the effects of foliar application of fungicide on the diversity and distribution of nifH genes associated with two chickpea cultivars and their nodulation. Treatments were replicated four times in a split-plot design in the field, in 2008 and 200...

in the present study, the effects of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, glomus mosseae andglomus intraradices, alone and in combination, on the growth parameters, chlorophyll and the root-rot disease of pea (pisum sativum) caused by fusarium solani f.sp. pisi were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. eight different treatments in four replications were designed in randomized blocks. compared w...

Plant fungal pathogens are frequently found as one of limiting factors for crop production. More than 10,000 species of fungi can cause disease in plants. To control the diseases, many farmers are still rely on the use of chemical fungicides, however most synthetic fungicides can cause acute toxicity, and some cause chronic toxicity as well. Thus, an appropriate technological improvement toward...

SUMMARY Using a combination of replicated microcosm experiments, simple nonlinear modelling and model tting we show that unexpected levels of variability can be detected and described in the dynamics of plant disease. Temporal development of damping{oo disease of radish seedlings caused by an economically important plant pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, is quan-tiied, with and without the addition...

Fungal plant pathogens are major threats to food security worldwide. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related Ascomycete plant pathogens causing mold diseases on hundreds of plant species. There is no genetic source of complete plant resistance to these broad host range pathogens known to date. Instead, natural plant populations show a continuum of resistance levels con...

In order to reduce pollution and strive for a cleaner environment, significant efforts are being made to develop alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the control of plant diseases. A promising alternative is to stimulate the natural resistance of plants. Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the expression of plant defense mechanisms when attacked by disease causing path...

Fusarium solani is the causative organism of Fusarium wilt of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Four Bacillus spp identified as B. amyloliquefaciens, B. cereus, B. pumilus and B. subtilis were tested for biocontrol activities in vitro as zone of inhibition and in vivo as percent disease control and disease incidence. The result from in vitro analysis showed that B. amyloliquefaciens inhibi...

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV). This disease has significantly adverse economic impacts; therefore, rapid control measures are urgently. Traditional ranchers in Iran use Alhagi maurorum Medik. to treat FMD; therefore, we aimed to examine the antiviral activity of methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous-acetic...

macrophomina phaseolina is one of the major yield limiting factors of melons in tropical and subtropical regions. for eco-friendly and effective management of the disease, 24 gamma induced mutants from trichoderma harzianum were evaluated against three isolates of the pathogen representing three geographically different regions viz. khorasan (isolate 1), garmsar (isolate 2) and khuzestan (isola...