Doppler interrogation of the uterine arteries provides information on the physiologic transformation of the spiral arteries during pregnancy. Lack or suboptimal conversion of such arteries by the late second or third trimester of pregnancy is a strong indicator of increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcome, in particular, iatrogenic prematurity due to severe fetal growth restriction or preecl...

Placenta percreta is an obstetric condition in which the placenta invades through the myometrium. This is the most severe form of placenta accreta and may result in spontaneous uterine rupture, a rare complication that threatens the life of both mother and fetus. In this case report, we describe a 32-year-old woman in her fourth pregnancy, diagnosed with repeated placenta accreta, which was eve...

We review recent advances in our understanding of placental evolution with particular focus on the interhaemal barrier. It seems likely that the non-invasive, epitheliochorial placentation of living eutherians is a derived state. However, there is disagreement on whether the last common ancestor of eutherian mammals had an endotheliochorial placenta or a haemochorial one. Research has been stim...

Placentation arose in mammalian evolution some 150-200 M years ago and integrates a rather ingenious manner large number of previously evolved multicellular regulatory pathways which include: angiogenesis, inflammatory cytokines interleukins, HLA expression, immune peptides, receptors (for NK decidual cells, T B including Tregs, macrophages, antigen-presenting cells ), endothelial fibroblasts, ...

Purpose: Placenta previa and morbidly adherent placenta are life-threatening conditions that necessitate close monitoring during pregnancy can result in increased ante- intrapartum complications. This study aims to evaluate the frequency of placental disorders our population, reveal impact known risk factors on maternal morbidity, new predisposing their effects outcomes. Materials Methods: We p...

The eutherian placenta is remarkable for its structural and functional variability. In order to construct and test comparative hypotheses relating ecological, behavioral and physiological traits to placental characteristics it is first necessary to reconstruct the historical course of placental evolution. Previous attempts to do so have yielded inconsistent results, particularly with respect to...

Hormones must be balanced and dynamically controlled for the Female Reproductive Tract (FRT) to function correctly during menstrual cycle, pregnancy, delivery. Gamete selection successful transfer uterus, where it implants pregnancy occurs, is supported by mucosal epithelial lining of FRT ovaries, cervix, fallopian tubes, vagina. Successful implantation placentation in humans other animals rely...