CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 237 TRANSFERS INVOLVING EUKARYOTES 239 Phylogenetic Congruency Test 239 Pitfalls Involving Paralogies 241 Pitfalls Involving Unequal Razes 242 Convergent Replacements 243 Tests of Significance 244 MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS 244 CHROMOSOMAL GENES IN BACTERIA 245 Mosaic Nature of the E. coli chromosome 245 Salmonella and the Criteria of GC Content 247 Codon Bias 249 Other Bacte...

In this paper I review the use of the concept of transference in psychotherapy, and explore its limitations. I go on to argue that the concept is no longer useful to us in the practice of contemporary psychotherapy. Along the way I will make reference to some of the potential pitfalls of a psychotherapy without it, pitfalls into which I believe practitioners of psychotherapy and counselling fre...

This article discusses common pitfalls of multisite randomized clinical trials of efficacy and effectiveness. Issues considered include (1) premature initiation, (2) ineffective study structure, (3) too much or too little communication among researchers, (4) neglect of site differences, (5) use of "naked" p values, (6) premature closure, and (7) overreliance on the interpretation and memory of ...

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) in pregnancy as a common cause of maternal death has been a challenge for both clinicians and radiologists. Choosing the appropriate modality in each case has been under question and there are also related imaging pitfalls and hesitancy about radiation exposure and using contrast media for a pregnant mother. The aim of this article is to review the imaging modali...

OBJECTIVE PET imaging is becoming increasingly universal, and therefore increased liver uptake is frequently encountered. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate the various morphological patterns of increased metabolic activity within the liver with an emphasis on the diagnostic pitfalls and potential limitations. CONCLUSION Knowing the pitfalls of PET imaging, correlation ...

Lindholt et al1 used purified serum antibodies to C pneumoniae outer membrane protein (OMP) to probe protein extracts of abdominal aortic aneurysms separated by 1D and 2D electrophoresis. Although no specific signal for OMP was detected, strong staining was obtained for a 50-kDa protein, which subsequently was identified as immunoglobulin heavy chain through the use of mass spectrometry. The au...

Ten percent of all newborns require resuscitation at birth. The Neonatal Resuscitation Program establishes the authoritative technique of newborn resuscitation. Errors continue to occur that are related to the use of unskilled resuscitators; intubation; inadequate suctioning of meconium; and the postresuscitation problems of hypoglycemia, hypocarbia, and hypotension. Specific recommendations ar...

A critical step in phacoemulsification (as well as extracapsular cataract extraction) is making a window in anterior capsule wall (i.e. anterior capsulotomy). Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorhexis (CCC) has become recognized as the standard method of anterior capsulectomy. Techniques employed for CCC have undergone sustained evolution. The present review evaluates elementary principles of CCC. M...

Consider a teacher who needs to assess a large number of assignments. With massive open on-line courses (MOOCs) gaining momentum, it is now common for thousands of students to enrol in the same course, and hence manual assessment by teachers is simply unfeasible. Peer assessments is one way to go when auto-scoring approaches are not possible. Current on-line courses usually use a simple aggrega...