This paper discusses ultra-fine-pitch bonding on a 50-μm bond-pad-pitch platform using φ23-μm gold wire. A technique for the bonding process and the bonding tool design was developed using the finite element method. It was possible to simulate and analyze the variation in the plastic deformation of ball bond when it was subjected to different loading conditions and capillary configurations. The...

The ability to accurately design carbon nanofibre (CN) field emitters with predictable electron emission characteristics will enable their use as electron sources in various applications such as microwave amplifiers, electron microscopy, parallel beam electron lithography and advanced Xray sources. Here, highly uniform CN arrays of controlled diameter, pitch and length were fabricated using pla...

The optimization of the louver angle (θ) and the louver pitch (Lp) for a louver finned and tube heat exchanger was investigated numerically along with a simplified conjugate-gradient method (SCGM). The area reduction ratio relative to a plain surface is the objective function to be maximized. A search for the optimum louver angle (θ) and louver pitch (Lp), ranging from 15°< θ < 40° and 2 mm < L...

In this study, the effects of ratio a motor’s axial length to its pole pitch on efficiency, magnetic flux density distribution, torque, torque/weight, and motor volume were investigated in an outer-rotor (hub) brushless direct current motor. The weight electrical machine affects output power, efficiency it is advantageous design electric at appropriate power high with volume. Therefore, aim stu...

The purpose of this study was to investigate univariate relationships between perceived dysphonia and variation in pitch perturbation, amplitude perturbation, and additive noise. A time-domain, pitch-synchronous synthesis technique was used to generate sustained vowels varying in each of the three acoustic dimensions. A panel of trained listeners provided direct magnitude estimates of roughness...

Automatic speaker localisation, detection and tracking are important challenges in multi-channel hands-free communication systems. In particular, simultaneous localisation of different speakers is of great interest for multi-microphone noise reduction schemes. Besides position, another possible feature to distinguish between different speakers is the fundamental frequency (pitch) of the speaker...

Studies of tuning systems established in different historical and ethnic cultures suggest that their evolution is mainly dependent on two different, mathematically incompatible, principles: equidistance, based on a mostly logarithmic perception of the audible frequency range, and harmonic consonance generated by simple integer pitch ratios (SIPR). Since for tuning systems the number of relevant...