Well functioning water networks are essential to the sustainability of a community. Large transmission and distribution water mains are often the most sensitive components of these networks since their failure can be catastrophic. Furthermore, due to the high cost of these pipes, the system does not usually provide redundancy to enable decommission for maintenance and rehabilitation. Hence, fai...

Local strain measurements opposite gravel contacts and around a single isolated perforation are reported for a high-density-polyethylene pipe (320 mm outside diameter, 32 mm thick) typical of that commonly used as part of the leachate collection system in municipal solid waste landfills. Emphasis is given to examining the localized effect of coarse gravel contacts on pipe strain and the strain ...

The application of Max-Min Ant System for layout and size optimization of pipe networks is described in this paper. The formulation conventionally used for pipe size optimization of networks with fixed layout is extended to account for layout and pipe size determination of the networks. This is achieved by including a new constraints regarding the reliability of the network and modifying the av...

1.1. Flow in a pipe: Steady axisymmetric Poiseuille Flow. Consider the steady unidirectional flow in an infinitely long pipe of radius a. To solve this problem, it is convenient to consider the NavierStokes equation in the cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z) in the absence of any external force (b = 0). In this coordinate system u = (ur, uθ, uz). The scalar components of the Navier-Stokes equatio...

Pipe conveyors, also referred to as tube conveyor belts which are loaded with a material be conveyed and after being closed into the conformation of by overlapping belt edges. Belts may twist because uneven loading, guidance through curves, or otherwise poorly aligned systems.Undesired rotation pipe should avoided problem corrected soon possible limit, prevent minimize damage system loss materi...

Previous studies showed that temperature and total organic carbon in drinking water would cause chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) loss in a water distribution system and affect the efficiency of ClO(2) for Legionella control. However, among the various causes of ClO(2) loss in a drinking water distribution system, the loss of disinfectant due to the reaction with corrosion scales has not been studied i...

The purpose of the air distribution system in a fluidised bed combustor is to provide a reasonably uniform spread of combustion air over the entire horizontal cross-sectional area of the bed. One of the simplest, and hence cheapest, forms of air distributor is the sparge pipe design, in which an array of horizontal pipes is fitted at the base of the bed. Combustion air is then supplied to one e...