Saudi Arabia (SA) experienced two large invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) outbreaks during the 2000 and 2001 Hajj pilgrimages. In 2002, polysaccharide quadrivalent ACWY vaccines became mandatory for Mecca and Medina pilgrims/residents older than two years. This study aimed to analyse IMD surveillance data among citizens, residents and pilgrims in SA from 1995 to 2011, focusing on changes bef...

S optimistic scientists of the 20th century imagined that it might be possible with interventions such as antimicrobials and vaccines to close the book on infectious diseases. Unfortunately, infectious diseases remain among the leading causes of death worldwide, despite remarkable advances in medical research and abstract. The term „emerging infectious diseases” (EID) is a broad one that covers...

Historically, infectious diseases have had a profound effect on human populations, including their evolution and cultural development. Despite significant advances in medical science, infectious diseases continue to impact human populations in many parts of the world. Emerging diseases are considered to be those infections that either are newly appearing in the population or are rapidly increas...

This paper discusses the role of pilgrimage in modern Kazakh culture. Studies individual religious experience Kazakhs allow researchers to distinguish at least two basic points view on tradition making pilgrimages sacral places. Thus, representatives official Islamic institutions often condemn practice pilgrimage, wheras common people see no contradiction between visiting holy places and norms ...

Dear readers, students, fellow scholars, welcome to this tenth instalment of Mutual Images Journal, which we have titled “Aesthetic journeys and media pilgrimages in the contexts pop culture creative industries from East Asia”, trying subsume it variety themes volume hosts. Audaces fortuna iuvat The Latin adage introduction states: “good luck helps daring ones”. We think is what happened us Ima...

The article examines pilgrimage tourism as a modern socio-cultural phenomenon on the example of major world religions. An attempt is made to explain and determine its features by drawing parallel between religious (cultural) pilgrimage. It determined that basis an ancient tradition, which becoming global against background weakening role political ideologies. In addition, contributes expansion ...

Historically, infectious diseases have had a profound effect on human populations, including their evolution and cultural development. Despite significant advances in medical science, infectious diseases continue to impact human populations in many parts of the world. Emerging diseases are considered to be those infections that either are newly appearing in the population or are rapidly increas...

Abstract The proposal introduces the theme of communicative resilience exhibitions during Pandemic Era. On March 7, 2020, Italy and its museums, as well countless housed in their rooms, were closed leaving hundreds, perhaps thousands, works without public: from paintings Raphael (Rome, Scuderie del Quirinale), to tables Griffoni Polyptych assembled after three hundred years (Bologna, Palazzo Fa...

It is not unusual for a place to wait years before being inscribed on the World Heritage List, but Sarnath—the where Buddha delivered his first sermon—has been UNESCO’s “tentative list” close 25 years. As sacred Buddhist pilgrimages, Sarnath continues attract thousands of visitors annually and yet, remains under-developed, unlike other pilgrim towns or religious tourism destinations. This paper...