Experimental data indicate that gestational exposures to estrogenic compounds impact risk of hypospadias. We examined whether risk of hypospadias (i.e., a congenital malformation in which the opening of the penile urethra occurs on the ventral side of the penis) was associated with maternal intake of phytoestrogens, given their potential impact on estrogen metabolism. The analysis included data...

Communication on a cellular level--defined as chemical signaling, sensing, and response--is an essential and universal component of all living organisms and the framework that unites all ecosystems. Evolutionarily conserved signaling "webs," existing both within an organism and between organisms, rely on efficient and accurate interpretation of chemical signals by receptors. Therefore, endocrin...

Traditional soyfoods such as tofu and miso have been widely used in many East Asian countries for centuries. They have also been consumed by health-conscious individuals in Western countries for several decades. In recent years, because of purported health benefits, increased numbers of Westerners have decided to incorporate soy into their diets. Soyfoods hold particular appeal for postmenopaus...