Radiating a photon from the initial state provides a useful tool for studying a range of low energy physics using a high-energy ee accelerator. Accurate results require careful calculation of the first order virtual photon corrections. We compare exact results for initial state radiative corrections, finding agreement to an order of 10 or better as a fraction of the Born cross-section for most ...

Sneutrino resonances at a high energy linear ee collider may be one of the clearest signals of supersymmetry without R-parity, especially when the R-parity-violating coupling is too small to produce observable excesses in four-fermion processes. However, there is no guarantee that the sneutrino pole will lie anywhere near the machine energy. We show that associated photon production induces the...

Fast and accurate energy calibration of photon counting spectral detectors (PCSDs) is essential for their biomedical applications to identify and characterize bio-components or contrast agents in tissues. Using the x-ray tube voltage as a reference for energy calibration is known to be an efficient method, but there has been no consideration in the energy calibration of non-convergent behavior ...

A critical review of the obscure nature of the contribution of spin energy to the energy of the electromagnetic field is presented. It is proposed that the total energy of a photon hν comprises of kinetic and spin parts each equal to hν/2. Classical magnetic field is reinterpreted as angular momentum flux of photon fluid. The black-body radiation law is revisited in the light of new significanc...

The photon is one of the fundamental gauge bosons of the Standard Model without self-couplings and without intrinsic structure. It couples to any kind of charged particle, which allows it to fluctuate directly into fermion-antifermion pairs and into bound states, vector mesons, which have the same spin-parity (J = 1−−) as the photon. Photon-photon interactions therefore become possible through ...

Technology is in the way to reach in its climax but the basic understanding of science in many phenomena is still awaited despite the fact that nature witnesses. Scientific research reveals strong analogy between electron and photon. Atoms of solid state that execute suitable electron transitions excite electron while absorbing heat energy at shunt level. De-excitation of an electron back to or...

Single-, two-, and three-photon transitions were driven amongst five quantum states of a niobium persistent-current qubit. A multi-level energy-band diagram was extracted using microwave spectroscopy, and avoided crossings were directly measured between the third and fourth excited states. The energy relaxation times between states connected by single-photon and multi-photon transitions were ap...

Nonlinear microscopy has become an important tool for imaging biological samples such as neurons. In two photon fluorescence, a fluorophore absorbs two photons at a low energy state, one of its electrons briefly converts to a higher energy state, and it emits a single excited photon at an energy level higher than that of the absorbed photons. In second harmonic generation (SHG), laser light is ...

We have calculated the next-to-leading order perturbative QCD corrections to the photon energy spectrum in radiative Υ decays. The higher-order corrections significantly modify the shape of the spectrum, in particular at large photon energies, and thereby reduce the discrepancy between experimental data and previous leading-order predictions. The next-to-leading order calculation of the photon ...

Several molecules absorb light energy which they emit after a time difference (lifetime) as radiation energy. Molecules remain at a low energy level or the ground electronic singlet state (So) or the lowest vibrational level at room temperature (Noomnarm and Clegg, 2009). On absorption of a photon, the molecule is excited from So to the first electronic excited singlet state S1 within < 10-15 s...