BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that many individuals who chew khat recreationally also drink ethanol to offset the stimulating effect of khat. The objective of this study was to describe the separate and interactive effects of chronic ethanol and khat exposure on key projection neurons in the cortex and hippocampus of young adult male rats. METHODS Young adult male Sprague Dawley rats we...

correct context has taken a lot of work. Yanagida's approach to this work has been influenced by his location — starting with the choice of fission yeast. " Working on a remote island, I thought it may be better to work on a more obscure organism, " he says. And once that work was started, " we were quite happy to study these mutants in an isolated fashion. " But if the research was somewhat is...

The mitochondrion is the 'power house' of the cell. The internal structure of the mitochondrion — in particular, the shape of the infoldings of the inner membrane (cristae) — has long been debated. Now, three-dimensional tomographic reconstructions like the ones above are resolving the controversy. At top left, a slice through a rat liver mitochondrion is reconstructed, showing 44 cristae (yell...

A series of experiments have been performed to determine the mechanisms of failure in compressively loaded laminated plates in the presence of stress gradients generated by a circular cutout. Real time holographic interferometry and in-situ photomicrography of the hole surface, along with strain gage measurements are used t o study the progression of failure. The test specimens are multi-layere...

To determine the shear force acting on a white blood cell sticking to the endothelium of a blood vessel, the flow field about a single white blood cell in a venule was determined by high-speed motion picture photomicrography. The force acting on the white blood cell was then calculated according to the principles of fluid mechanics. In this paper, the calculation was made using an experimentall...

AIM To examine the normal morphology of the epiligament tissue of the knee medial collateral ligament (MCL) in humans. METHODS Several samples of the mid-substance of the MCL of the knee joint from 7 fresh human cadavers (3 females and 4 males) were taken. Examination of the epiligament tissue was conducted by light microscopy and photomicrography on semi-thin sections of formalin fixed paraf...

FOR just over three-quarters of a century the study of the viruses has furnished a most exciting chapter in the growth of the natural sciences. The story began with the observations of Ivanovsky upon tobacco mosaic disease in 1892 and of Loeffler and Frosch upon foot and mouth disease in 1898. Both studies showed that the respective diseases could be transmitted by filtered extracts from the af...

HYPOTHESIS We have proposed that VEG/PF acts by transforming the cytoskeletal architecture of microvascular endothelial cells. BACKGROUND Evidence supporting a pivotal role for vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor (VEG/PF) in tumor angiogenesis and edemagenesis is compelling. VEG/PF exhibits specific endothelial cell mitogenicity and is expressed by brain tumors exhibiting increase...